promql/extension_plan/

scalar_calculate.rs

// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

use std::any::Any;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::pin::Pin;
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::task::{Context, Poll};

use datafusion::common::stats::Precision;
use datafusion::common::{DFSchema, DFSchemaRef, Result as DataFusionResult, Statistics};
use datafusion::error::DataFusionError;
use datafusion::execution::context::TaskContext;
use datafusion::logical_expr::{EmptyRelation, LogicalPlan, UserDefinedLogicalNodeCore};
use datafusion::physical_expr::EquivalenceProperties;
use datafusion::physical_plan::metrics::{BaselineMetrics, ExecutionPlanMetricsSet, MetricsSet};
use datafusion::physical_plan::{
    DisplayAs, DisplayFormatType, Distribution, ExecutionPlan, Partitioning, PlanProperties,
    RecordBatchStream, SendableRecordBatchStream,
};
use datafusion::prelude::Expr;
use datafusion::sql::TableReference;
use datafusion_expr::col;
use datatypes::arrow::array::{Array, ArrayRef, Float64Array, TimestampMillisecondArray};
use datatypes::arrow::compute::{CastOptions, cast_with_options, concat_batches};
use datatypes::arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field, Schema, SchemaRef, TimeUnit};
use datatypes::arrow::record_batch::RecordBatch;
use datatypes::arrow_array::string_array_value_at_index;
use futures::{Stream, StreamExt, ready};
use greptime_proto::substrait_extension as pb;
use prost::Message;
use snafu::ResultExt;

use crate::error::{ColumnNotFoundSnafu, DataFusionPlanningSnafu, DeserializeSnafu, Result};
use crate::extension_plan::{Millisecond, resolve_column_name, serialize_column_index};

/// `ScalarCalculate` is the custom logical plan to calculate
/// [`scalar`](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/functions/#scalar)
/// in PromQL, return NaN when have multiple time series.
///
/// Return the time series as scalar value when only have one time series.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct ScalarCalculate {
    start: Millisecond,
    end: Millisecond,
    interval: Millisecond,

    time_index: String,
    tag_columns: Vec<String>,
    field_column: String,
    input: LogicalPlan,
    output_schema: DFSchemaRef,
    unfix: Option<UnfixIndices>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd)]
struct UnfixIndices {
    pub time_index_idx: u64,
    pub tag_column_indices: Vec<u64>,
    pub field_column_idx: u64,
}

impl ScalarCalculate {
    /// create a new `ScalarCalculate` plan
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub fn new(
        start: Millisecond,
        end: Millisecond,
        interval: Millisecond,
        input: LogicalPlan,
        time_index: &str,
        tag_columns: &[String],
        field_column: &str,
        table_name: Option<&str>,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        let input_schema = input.schema();
        let Ok(ts_field) = input_schema
            .field_with_unqualified_name(time_index)
            .cloned()
        else {
            return ColumnNotFoundSnafu { col: time_index }.fail();
        };
        let val_field = Field::new(format!("scalar({})", field_column), DataType::Float64, true);
        let qualifier = table_name.map(TableReference::bare);
        let schema = DFSchema::new_with_metadata(
            vec![
                (qualifier.clone(), ts_field),
                (qualifier, Arc::new(val_field)),
            ],
            input_schema.metadata().clone(),
        )
        .context(DataFusionPlanningSnafu)?;

        Ok(Self {
            start,
            end,
            interval,
            time_index: time_index.to_string(),
            tag_columns: tag_columns.to_vec(),
            field_column: field_column.to_string(),
            input,
            output_schema: Arc::new(schema),
            unfix: None,
        })
    }

    /// The name of this custom plan
    pub const fn name() -> &'static str {
        "ScalarCalculate"
    }

    /// Create a new execution plan from ScalarCalculate
    pub fn to_execution_plan(
        &self,
        exec_input: Arc<dyn ExecutionPlan>,
    ) -> DataFusionResult<Arc<dyn ExecutionPlan>> {
        let fields: Vec<_> = self
            .output_schema
            .fields()
            .iter()
            .map(|field| Field::new(field.name(), field.data_type().clone(), field.is_nullable()))
            .collect();
        let input_schema = exec_input.schema();
        let ts_index = input_schema
            .index_of(&self.time_index)
            .map_err(|e| DataFusionError::ArrowError(Box::new(e), None))?;
        let val_index = input_schema
            .index_of(&self.field_column)
            .map_err(|e| DataFusionError::ArrowError(Box::new(e), None))?;
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(fields));
        let properties = exec_input.properties();
        let properties = Arc::new(PlanProperties::new(
            EquivalenceProperties::new(schema.clone()),
            Partitioning::UnknownPartitioning(1),
            properties.emission_type,
            properties.boundedness,
        ));
        Ok(Arc::new(ScalarCalculateExec {
            start: self.start,
            end: self.end,
            interval: self.interval,
            schema,
            input: exec_input,
            project_index: (ts_index, val_index),
            tag_columns: self.tag_columns.clone(),
            metric: ExecutionPlanMetricsSet::new(),
            properties,
        }))
    }

    pub fn serialize(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        let time_index_idx = serialize_column_index(self.input.schema(), &self.time_index);

        let tag_column_indices = self
            .tag_columns
            .iter()
            .map(|name| serialize_column_index(self.input.schema(), name))
            .collect::<Vec<u64>>();

        let field_column_idx = serialize_column_index(self.input.schema(), &self.field_column);

        pb::ScalarCalculate {
            start: self.start,
            end: self.end,
            interval: self.interval,
            time_index_idx,
            tag_column_indices,
            field_column_idx,
            ..Default::default()
        }
        .encode_to_vec()
    }

    pub fn deserialize(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
        let pb_scalar_calculate = pb::ScalarCalculate::decode(bytes).context(DeserializeSnafu)?;
        let placeholder_plan = LogicalPlan::EmptyRelation(EmptyRelation {
            produce_one_row: false,
            schema: Arc::new(DFSchema::empty()),
        });

        let unfix = UnfixIndices {
            time_index_idx: pb_scalar_calculate.time_index_idx,
            tag_column_indices: pb_scalar_calculate.tag_column_indices.clone(),
            field_column_idx: pb_scalar_calculate.field_column_idx,
        };

        // TODO(Taylor-lagrange): Supports timestamps of different precisions
        let ts_field = Field::new(
            "placeholder_time_index",
            DataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Millisecond, None),
            true,
        );
        let val_field = Field::new("placeholder_field", DataType::Float64, true);
        // TODO(Taylor-lagrange): missing tablename in pb
        let schema = DFSchema::new_with_metadata(
            vec![(None, Arc::new(ts_field)), (None, Arc::new(val_field))],
            HashMap::new(),
        )
        .context(DataFusionPlanningSnafu)?;

        Ok(Self {
            start: pb_scalar_calculate.start,
            end: pb_scalar_calculate.end,
            interval: pb_scalar_calculate.interval,
            time_index: String::new(),
            tag_columns: Vec::new(),
            field_column: String::new(),
            output_schema: Arc::new(schema),
            input: placeholder_plan,
            unfix: Some(unfix),
        })
    }
}

impl PartialOrd for ScalarCalculate {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
        // Compare fields in order excluding output_schema
        match self.start.partial_cmp(&other.start) {
            Some(core::cmp::Ordering::Equal) => {}
            ord => return ord,
        }
        match self.end.partial_cmp(&other.end) {
            Some(core::cmp::Ordering::Equal) => {}
            ord => return ord,
        }
        match self.interval.partial_cmp(&other.interval) {
            Some(core::cmp::Ordering::Equal) => {}
            ord => return ord,
        }
        match self.time_index.partial_cmp(&other.time_index) {
            Some(core::cmp::Ordering::Equal) => {}
            ord => return ord,
        }
        match self.tag_columns.partial_cmp(&other.tag_columns) {
            Some(core::cmp::Ordering::Equal) => {}
            ord => return ord,
        }
        match self.field_column.partial_cmp(&other.field_column) {
            Some(core::cmp::Ordering::Equal) => {}
            ord => return ord,
        }
        self.input.partial_cmp(&other.input)
    }
}

impl UserDefinedLogicalNodeCore for ScalarCalculate {
    fn name(&self) -> &str {
        Self::name()
    }

    fn inputs(&self) -> Vec<&LogicalPlan> {
        vec![&self.input]
    }

    fn schema(&self) -> &DFSchemaRef {
        &self.output_schema
    }

    fn expressions(&self) -> Vec<Expr> {
        if self.unfix.is_some() {
            return vec![];
        }

        self.tag_columns
            .iter()
            .map(col)
            .chain(std::iter::once(col(&self.time_index)))
            .chain(std::iter::once(col(&self.field_column)))
            .collect()
    }

    fn necessary_children_exprs(&self, _output_columns: &[usize]) -> Option<Vec<Vec<usize>>> {
        if self.unfix.is_some() {
            return None;
        }

        let input_schema = self.input.schema();
        let time_index_idx = input_schema.index_of_column_by_name(None, &self.time_index)?;
        let field_column_idx = input_schema.index_of_column_by_name(None, &self.field_column)?;

        let mut required = Vec::with_capacity(2 + self.tag_columns.len());
        required.extend([time_index_idx, field_column_idx]);
        for tag in &self.tag_columns {
            required.push(input_schema.index_of_column_by_name(None, tag)?);
        }

        required.sort_unstable();
        required.dedup();
        Some(vec![required])
    }

    fn fmt_for_explain(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "ScalarCalculate: tags={:?}", self.tag_columns)
    }

    fn with_exprs_and_inputs(
        &self,
        _exprs: Vec<Expr>,
        inputs: Vec<LogicalPlan>,
    ) -> DataFusionResult<Self> {
        let input: LogicalPlan = inputs.into_iter().next().unwrap();
        let input_schema = input.schema();

        if let Some(unfix) = &self.unfix {
            // transform indices to names
            let time_index = resolve_column_name(
                unfix.time_index_idx,
                input_schema,
                "ScalarCalculate",
                "time index",
            )?;

            let tag_columns = unfix
                .tag_column_indices
                .iter()
                .map(|idx| resolve_column_name(*idx, input_schema, "ScalarCalculate", "tag"))
                .collect::<DataFusionResult<Vec<String>>>()?;

            let field_column = resolve_column_name(
                unfix.field_column_idx,
                input_schema,
                "ScalarCalculate",
                "field",
            )?;

            // Recreate output schema with actual field names
            let ts_field = Field::new(
                &time_index,
                DataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Millisecond, None),
                true,
            );
            let val_field =
                Field::new(format!("scalar({})", field_column), DataType::Float64, true);
            let schema = DFSchema::new_with_metadata(
                vec![(None, Arc::new(ts_field)), (None, Arc::new(val_field))],
                HashMap::new(),
            )
            .context(DataFusionPlanningSnafu)?;

            Ok(ScalarCalculate {
                start: self.start,
                end: self.end,
                interval: self.interval,
                time_index,
                tag_columns,
                field_column,
                input,
                output_schema: Arc::new(schema),
                unfix: None,
            })
        } else {
            Ok(ScalarCalculate {
                start: self.start,
                end: self.end,
                interval: self.interval,
                time_index: self.time_index.clone(),
                tag_columns: self.tag_columns.clone(),
                field_column: self.field_column.clone(),
                input,
                output_schema: self.output_schema.clone(),
                unfix: None,
            })
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct ScalarCalculateExec {
    start: Millisecond,
    end: Millisecond,
    interval: Millisecond,
    schema: SchemaRef,
    project_index: (usize, usize),
    input: Arc<dyn ExecutionPlan>,
    tag_columns: Vec<String>,
    metric: ExecutionPlanMetricsSet,
    properties: Arc<PlanProperties>,
}

impl ExecutionPlan for ScalarCalculateExec {
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
        self
    }

    fn schema(&self) -> SchemaRef {
        self.schema.clone()
    }

    fn properties(&self) -> &Arc<PlanProperties> {
        &self.properties
    }

    fn maintains_input_order(&self) -> Vec<bool> {
        vec![true; self.children().len()]
    }

    fn required_input_distribution(&self) -> Vec<Distribution> {
        vec![Distribution::SinglePartition]
    }

    fn children(&self) -> Vec<&Arc<dyn ExecutionPlan>> {
        vec![&self.input]
    }

    fn with_new_children(
        self: Arc<Self>,
        children: Vec<Arc<dyn ExecutionPlan>>,
    ) -> DataFusionResult<Arc<dyn ExecutionPlan>> {
        Ok(Arc::new(ScalarCalculateExec {
            start: self.start,
            end: self.end,
            interval: self.interval,
            schema: self.schema.clone(),
            project_index: self.project_index,
            tag_columns: self.tag_columns.clone(),
            input: children[0].clone(),
            metric: self.metric.clone(),
            properties: self.properties.clone(),
        }))
    }

    fn execute(
        &self,
        partition: usize,
        context: Arc<TaskContext>,
    ) -> DataFusionResult<SendableRecordBatchStream> {
        let baseline_metric = BaselineMetrics::new(&self.metric, partition);
        let input = self.input.execute(partition, context)?;
        let schema = input.schema();
        let tag_indices = self
            .tag_columns
            .iter()
            .map(|tag| {
                schema
                    .column_with_name(tag)
                    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("tag column not found {tag}"))
                    .0
            })
            .collect();

        Ok(Box::pin(ScalarCalculateStream {
            start: self.start,
            end: self.end,
            interval: self.interval,
            schema: self.schema.clone(),
            project_index: self.project_index,
            metric: baseline_metric,
            tag_indices,
            input,
            have_multi_series: false,
            done: false,
            batch: None,
            tag_value: None,
        }))
    }

    fn metrics(&self) -> Option<MetricsSet> {
        Some(self.metric.clone_inner())
    }

    fn partition_statistics(&self, partition: Option<usize>) -> DataFusionResult<Statistics> {
        let input_stats = self.input.partition_statistics(partition)?;

        let estimated_row_num = (self.end - self.start) as f64 / self.interval as f64;
        let estimated_total_bytes = input_stats
            .total_byte_size
            .get_value()
            .zip(input_stats.num_rows.get_value())
            .map(|(size, rows)| {
                Precision::Inexact(((*size as f64 / *rows as f64) * estimated_row_num).floor() as _)
            })
            .unwrap_or_default();

        Ok(Statistics {
            num_rows: Precision::Inexact(estimated_row_num as _),
            total_byte_size: estimated_total_bytes,
            // TODO(ruihang): support this column statistics
            column_statistics: Statistics::unknown_column(&self.schema()),
        })
    }

    fn name(&self) -> &str {
        "ScalarCalculateExec"
    }
}

impl DisplayAs for ScalarCalculateExec {
    fn fmt_as(&self, t: DisplayFormatType, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match t {
            DisplayFormatType::Default
            | DisplayFormatType::Verbose
            | DisplayFormatType::TreeRender => {
                write!(f, "ScalarCalculateExec: tags={:?}", self.tag_columns)
            }
        }
    }
}

struct ScalarCalculateStream {
    start: Millisecond,
    end: Millisecond,
    interval: Millisecond,
    schema: SchemaRef,
    input: SendableRecordBatchStream,
    metric: BaselineMetrics,
    tag_indices: Vec<usize>,
    /// with format `(ts_index, field_index)`
    project_index: (usize, usize),
    have_multi_series: bool,
    done: bool,
    batch: Option<RecordBatch>,
    tag_value: Option<Vec<Option<String>>>,
}

impl RecordBatchStream for ScalarCalculateStream {
    fn schema(&self) -> SchemaRef {
        self.schema.clone()
    }
}

impl ScalarCalculateStream {
    fn update_batch(&mut self, batch: RecordBatch) -> DataFusionResult<()> {
        let _timer = self.metric.elapsed_compute();
        // if have multi time series or empty batch, scalar will return NaN
        if self.have_multi_series || batch.num_rows() == 0 {
            return Ok(());
        }
        // fast path: no tag columns means all data belongs to the same series.
        if self.tag_indices.is_empty() {
            self.append_batch(batch)?;
            return Ok(());
        }
        let all_same = |val: Option<&str>, array: &ArrayRef| -> bool {
            (0..array.len()).all(|i| string_array_value_at_index(array, i) == val)
        };
        // assert the entire batch belong to the same series
        let all_tag_columns_same = if let Some(tags) = &self.tag_value {
            tags.iter()
                .zip(self.tag_indices.iter())
                .all(|(value, index)| {
                    let array = batch.column(*index);
                    all_same(value.as_deref(), array)
                })
        } else {
            let mut tag_values = Vec::with_capacity(self.tag_indices.len());
            let is_same = self.tag_indices.iter().all(|index| {
                let array = batch.column(*index);
                let value = string_array_value_at_index(array, 0).map(str::to_string);
                let is_same = all_same(value.as_deref(), array);
                tag_values.push(value);
                is_same
            });
            self.tag_value = Some(tag_values);
            is_same
        };
        if all_tag_columns_same {
            self.append_batch(batch)?;
        } else {
            self.have_multi_series = true;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn append_batch(&mut self, input_batch: RecordBatch) -> DataFusionResult<()> {
        let ts_column = input_batch.column(self.project_index.0).clone();
        let val_column = cast_with_options(
            input_batch.column(self.project_index.1),
            &DataType::Float64,
            &CastOptions::default(),
        )?;
        let input_batch = RecordBatch::try_new(self.schema.clone(), vec![ts_column, val_column])?;
        if let Some(batch) = &self.batch {
            self.batch = Some(concat_batches(&self.schema, vec![batch, &input_batch])?);
        } else {
            self.batch = Some(input_batch);
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

impl Stream for ScalarCalculateStream {
    type Item = DataFusionResult<RecordBatch>;

    fn poll_next(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
        loop {
            if self.done {
                return Poll::Ready(None);
            }
            match ready!(self.input.poll_next_unpin(cx)) {
                Some(Ok(batch)) => {
                    self.update_batch(batch)?;
                }
                // inner had error, return to caller
                Some(Err(e)) => return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e))),
                // inner is done, producing output
                None => {
                    self.done = true;
                    return match self.batch.take() {
                        Some(batch) if !self.have_multi_series => {
                            self.metric.record_output(batch.num_rows());
                            Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(batch)))
                        }
                        _ => {
                            let time_array = (self.start..=self.end)
                                .step_by(self.interval as _)
                                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                            let nums = time_array.len();
                            let nan_batch = RecordBatch::try_new(
                                self.schema.clone(),
                                vec![
                                    Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondArray::from(time_array)),
                                    Arc::new(Float64Array::from(vec![f64::NAN; nums])),
                                ],
                            )?;
                            self.metric.record_output(nan_batch.num_rows());
                            Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(nan_batch)))
                        }
                    };
                }
            };
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use datafusion::arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field, Schema};
    use datafusion::datasource::memory::MemorySourceConfig;
    use datafusion::datasource::source::DataSourceExec;
    use datafusion::physical_plan::execution_plan::{Boundedness, EmissionType};
    use datafusion::prelude::SessionContext;
    use datatypes::arrow::array::{
        ArrayRef, DictionaryArray, Float64Array, StringArray, TimestampMillisecondArray,
        UInt32Array,
    };
    use datatypes::arrow::datatypes::{TimeUnit, UInt32Type};

    use super::*;

    fn project_batch(batch: &RecordBatch, indices: &[usize]) -> RecordBatch {
        let fields = indices
            .iter()
            .map(|&idx| batch.schema().field(idx).clone())
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let columns = indices
            .iter()
            .map(|&idx| batch.column(idx).clone())
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(fields));
        RecordBatch::try_new(schema, columns).unwrap()
    }

    #[test]
    fn necessary_children_exprs_preserve_tag_columns() {
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new("ts", DataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Millisecond, None), true),
            Field::new("tag1", DataType::Utf8, true),
            Field::new("tag2", DataType::Utf8, true),
            Field::new("val", DataType::Float64, true),
            Field::new("extra", DataType::Utf8, true),
        ]));
        let schema = Arc::new(DFSchema::try_from(schema).unwrap());
        let input = LogicalPlan::EmptyRelation(EmptyRelation {
            produce_one_row: false,
            schema,
        });
        let tag_columns = vec!["tag1".to_string(), "tag2".to_string()];
        let plan = ScalarCalculate::new(0, 1, 1, input, "ts", &tag_columns, "val", None).unwrap();

        let required = plan.necessary_children_exprs(&[0, 1]).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(required, vec![vec![0, 1, 2, 3]]);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn pruning_should_keep_tag_columns_for_exec() {
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new("ts", DataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Millisecond, None), true),
            Field::new("tag1", DataType::Utf8, true),
            Field::new("tag2", DataType::Utf8, true),
            Field::new("val", DataType::Float64, true),
            Field::new("extra", DataType::Utf8, true),
        ]));
        let df_schema = Arc::new(DFSchema::try_from(schema.clone()).unwrap());
        let input = LogicalPlan::EmptyRelation(EmptyRelation {
            produce_one_row: false,
            schema: df_schema,
        });
        let tag_columns = vec!["tag1".to_string(), "tag2".to_string()];
        let plan =
            ScalarCalculate::new(0, 15_000, 5000, input, "ts", &tag_columns, "val", None).unwrap();

        let required = plan.necessary_children_exprs(&[0, 1]).unwrap();
        let required = &required[0];

        let batch = RecordBatch::try_new(
            schema,
            vec![
                Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![
                    0, 5_000, 10_000, 15_000,
                ])),
                Arc::new(StringArray::from(vec!["foo", "foo", "foo", "foo"])),
                Arc::new(StringArray::from(vec!["bar", "bar", "bar", "bar"])),
                Arc::new(Float64Array::from(vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0])),
                Arc::new(StringArray::from(vec!["x", "x", "x", "x"])),
            ],
        )
        .unwrap();

        let projected_batch = project_batch(&batch, required);
        let projected_schema = projected_batch.schema();
        let memory_exec = Arc::new(DataSourceExec::new(Arc::new(
            MemorySourceConfig::try_new(&[vec![projected_batch]], projected_schema, None).unwrap(),
        )));
        let scalar_exec = plan.to_execution_plan(memory_exec).unwrap();

        let session_context = SessionContext::default();
        let result = datafusion::physical_plan::collect(scalar_exec, session_context.task_ctx())
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(result.len(), 1);
        let batch = &result[0];
        assert_eq!(batch.num_columns(), 2);
        assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 4);
        assert_eq!(batch.schema().field(0).name(), "ts");
        assert_eq!(batch.schema().field(1).name(), "scalar(val)");

        let ts = batch
            .column(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<TimestampMillisecondArray>()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(ts.values(), &[0i64, 5_000, 10_000, 15_000]);

        let values = batch
            .column(1)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<Float64Array>()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(values.values(), &[1.0f64, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]);
    }

    fn prepare_test_data(series: Vec<RecordBatch>) -> DataSourceExec {
        let schema = series.first().unwrap().schema();
        DataSourceExec::new(Arc::new(
            MemorySourceConfig::try_new(&[series], schema, None).unwrap(),
        ))
    }

    fn dictionary(values: &[&str], keys: Vec<u32>) -> ArrayRef {
        Arc::new(DictionaryArray::<UInt32Type>::new(
            UInt32Array::from(keys),
            Arc::new(StringArray::from(values.to_vec())),
        ))
    }

    async fn run_test(series: Vec<RecordBatch>, expected: &str) {
        let memory_exec = Arc::new(prepare_test_data(series));
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new("ts", DataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Millisecond, None), true),
            Field::new("val", DataType::Float64, true),
        ]));
        let properties = Arc::new(PlanProperties::new(
            EquivalenceProperties::new(schema.clone()),
            Partitioning::UnknownPartitioning(1),
            EmissionType::Incremental,
            Boundedness::Bounded,
        ));
        let scalar_exec = Arc::new(ScalarCalculateExec {
            start: 0,
            end: 15_000,
            interval: 5000,
            tag_columns: vec!["tag1".to_string(), "tag2".to_string()],
            input: memory_exec,
            schema,
            project_index: (0, 3),
            metric: ExecutionPlanMetricsSet::new(),
            properties,
        });
        let session_context = SessionContext::default();
        let result = datafusion::physical_plan::collect(scalar_exec, session_context.task_ctx())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        let result_literal = datatypes::arrow::util::pretty::pretty_format_batches(&result)
            .unwrap()
            .to_string();
        assert_eq!(result_literal, expected);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn same_series() {
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new("ts", DataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Millisecond, None), true),
            Field::new("tag1", DataType::Utf8, true),
            Field::new("tag2", DataType::Utf8, true),
            Field::new("val", DataType::Float64, true),
        ]));
        run_test(
            vec![
                RecordBatch::try_new(
                    schema.clone(),
                    vec![
                        Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![0, 5_000])),
                        Arc::new(StringArray::from(vec!["foo", "foo"])),
                        Arc::new(StringArray::from(vec!["🥺", "🥺"])),
                        Arc::new(Float64Array::from(vec![1.0, 2.0])),
                    ],
                )
                .unwrap(),
                RecordBatch::try_new(
                    schema,
                    vec![
                        Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![10_000, 15_000])),
                        Arc::new(StringArray::from(vec!["foo", "foo"])),
                        Arc::new(StringArray::from(vec!["🥺", "🥺"])),
                        Arc::new(Float64Array::from(vec![3.0, 4.0])),
                    ],
                )
                .unwrap(),
            ],
            "+---------------------+-----+\
            \n| ts                  | val |\
            \n+---------------------+-----+\
            \n| 1970-01-01T00:00:00 | 1.0 |\
            \n| 1970-01-01T00:00:05 | 2.0 |\
            \n| 1970-01-01T00:00:10 | 3.0 |\
            \n| 1970-01-01T00:00:15 | 4.0 |\
            \n+---------------------+-----+",
        )
        .await
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn same_series_with_dictionary_tags() {
        let dictionary_type =
            DataType::Dictionary(Box::new(DataType::UInt32), Box::new(DataType::Utf8));
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new("ts", DataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Millisecond, None), true),
            Field::new("tag1", dictionary_type.clone(), true),
            Field::new("tag2", dictionary_type, true),
            Field::new("val", DataType::Float64, true),
        ]));
        run_test(
            vec![
                RecordBatch::try_new(
                    schema.clone(),
                    vec![
                        Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![0, 5_000])),
                        dictionary(&["foo"], vec![0, 0]),
                        dictionary(&["unused", "bar"], vec![1, 1]),
                        Arc::new(Float64Array::from(vec![1.0, 2.0])),
                    ],
                )
                .unwrap(),
                RecordBatch::try_new(
                    schema,
                    vec![
                        Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![10_000, 15_000])),
                        dictionary(&["other", "foo"], vec![1, 1]),
                        dictionary(&["bar"], vec![0, 0]),
                        Arc::new(Float64Array::from(vec![3.0, 4.0])),
                    ],
                )
                .unwrap(),
            ],
            "+---------------------+-----+\
            \n| ts                  | val |\
            \n+---------------------+-----+\
            \n| 1970-01-01T00:00:00 | 1.0 |\
            \n| 1970-01-01T00:00:05 | 2.0 |\
            \n| 1970-01-01T00:00:10 | 3.0 |\
            \n| 1970-01-01T00:00:15 | 4.0 |\
            \n+---------------------+-----+",
        )
        .await
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn diff_series() {
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new("ts", DataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Millisecond, None), true),
            Field::new("tag1", DataType::Utf8, true),
            Field::new("tag2", DataType::Utf8, true),
            Field::new("val", DataType::Float64, true),
        ]));
        run_test(
            vec![
                RecordBatch::try_new(
                    schema.clone(),
                    vec![
                        Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![0, 5_000])),
                        Arc::new(StringArray::from(vec!["foo", "foo"])),
                        Arc::new(StringArray::from(vec!["🥺", "🥺"])),
                        Arc::new(Float64Array::from(vec![1.0, 2.0])),
                    ],
                )
                .unwrap(),
                RecordBatch::try_new(
                    schema,
                    vec![
                        Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![10_000, 15_000])),
                        Arc::new(StringArray::from(vec!["foo", "foo"])),
                        Arc::new(StringArray::from(vec!["🥺", "😝"])),
                        Arc::new(Float64Array::from(vec![3.0, 4.0])),
                    ],
                )
                .unwrap(),
            ],
            "+---------------------+-----+\
            \n| ts                  | val |\
            \n+---------------------+-----+\
            \n| 1970-01-01T00:00:00 | NaN |\
            \n| 1970-01-01T00:00:05 | NaN |\
            \n| 1970-01-01T00:00:10 | NaN |\
            \n| 1970-01-01T00:00:15 | NaN |\
            \n+---------------------+-----+",
        )
        .await
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn empty_series() {
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new("ts", DataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Millisecond, None), true),
            Field::new("tag1", DataType::Utf8, true),
            Field::new("tag2", DataType::Utf8, true),
            Field::new("val", DataType::Float64, true),
        ]));
        run_test(
            vec![
                RecordBatch::try_new(
                    schema,
                    vec![
                        Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondArray::new_null(0)),
                        Arc::new(StringArray::new_null(0)),
                        Arc::new(StringArray::new_null(0)),
                        Arc::new(Float64Array::new_null(0)),
                    ],
                )
                .unwrap(),
            ],
            "+---------------------+-----+\
            \n| ts                  | val |\
            \n+---------------------+-----+\
            \n| 1970-01-01T00:00:00 | NaN |\
            \n| 1970-01-01T00:00:05 | NaN |\
            \n| 1970-01-01T00:00:10 | NaN |\
            \n| 1970-01-01T00:00:15 | NaN |\
            \n+---------------------+-----+",
        )
        .await
    }
}