mito2/sst/

file.rs

// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

//! Structures to describe metadata of files.

use std::fmt;
use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
use std::num::NonZeroU64;
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};

use common_base::readable_size::ReadableSize;
use common_telemetry::{debug, error};
use common_time::Timestamp;
use partition::expr::PartitionExpr;
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use smallvec::SmallVec;
use store_api::metadata::ColumnMetadata;
use store_api::region_request::PathType;
use store_api::storage::{ColumnId, FileId, IndexVersion, RegionId};

use crate::access_layer::AccessLayerRef;
use crate::cache::CacheManagerRef;
use crate::cache::file_cache::{FileType, IndexKey};
use crate::sst::file_purger::FilePurgerRef;
use crate::sst::location;

/// Custom serde functions for partition_expr field in FileMeta
fn serialize_partition_expr<S>(
    partition_expr: &Option<PartitionExpr>,
    serializer: S,
) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
where
    S: serde::Serializer,
{
    use serde::ser::Error;

    match partition_expr {
        None => serializer.serialize_none(),
        Some(expr) => {
            let json_str = expr.as_json_str().map_err(S::Error::custom)?;
            serializer.serialize_some(&json_str)
        }
    }
}

fn deserialize_partition_expr<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<PartitionExpr>, D::Error>
where
    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
{
    use serde::de::Error;

    let opt_json_str: Option<String> = Option::deserialize(deserializer)?;
    match opt_json_str {
        None => Ok(None),
        Some(json_str) => {
            if json_str.is_empty() {
                // Empty string represents explicit "single-region/no-partition" designation
                Ok(None)
            } else {
                // Parse the JSON string to PartitionExpr
                PartitionExpr::from_json_str(&json_str).map_err(D::Error::custom)
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Type to store SST level.
pub type Level = u8;
/// Maximum level of SSTs.
pub const MAX_LEVEL: Level = 2;
/// Type to store index types for a column.
pub type IndexTypes = SmallVec<[IndexType; 4]>;

/// Cross-region file id.
///
/// It contains a region id and a file id. The string representation is `{region_id}/{file_id}`.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct RegionFileId {
    /// The region that creates the file.
    region_id: RegionId,
    /// The id of the file.
    file_id: FileId,
}

impl RegionFileId {
    /// Creates a new [RegionFileId] from `region_id` and `file_id`.
    pub fn new(region_id: RegionId, file_id: FileId) -> Self {
        Self { region_id, file_id }
    }

    /// Gets the region id.
    pub fn region_id(&self) -> RegionId {
        self.region_id
    }

    /// Gets the file id.
    pub fn file_id(&self) -> FileId {
        self.file_id
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for RegionFileId {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{}/{}", self.region_id, self.file_id)
    }
}

/// Unique identifier for an index file, combining the SST file ID and the index version.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct RegionIndexId {
    pub file_id: RegionFileId,
    pub version: IndexVersion,
}

impl RegionIndexId {
    pub fn new(file_id: RegionFileId, version: IndexVersion) -> Self {
        Self { file_id, version }
    }

    pub fn region_id(&self) -> RegionId {
        self.file_id.region_id
    }

    pub fn file_id(&self) -> FileId {
        self.file_id.file_id
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for RegionIndexId {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        if self.version == 0 {
            write!(f, "{}/{}", self.file_id.region_id, self.file_id.file_id)
        } else {
            write!(
                f,
                "{}/{}.{}",
                self.file_id.region_id, self.file_id.file_id, self.version
            )
        }
    }
}

/// Time range (min and max timestamps) of a SST file.
/// Both min and max are inclusive.
pub type FileTimeRange = (Timestamp, Timestamp);

/// Checks if two inclusive timestamp ranges overlap with each other.
pub(crate) fn overlaps(l: &FileTimeRange, r: &FileTimeRange) -> bool {
    let (l, r) = if l.0 <= r.0 { (l, r) } else { (r, l) };
    let (_, l_end) = l;
    let (r_start, _) = r;

    r_start <= l_end
}

/// Metadata of a SST file.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
#[serde(default)]
pub struct FileMeta {
    /// Region that created the file. The region id may not be the id of the current region.
    pub region_id: RegionId,
    /// Compared to normal file names, FileId ignore the extension
    pub file_id: FileId,
    /// Timestamp range of file. The timestamps have the same time unit as the
    /// data in the SST.
    pub time_range: FileTimeRange,
    /// SST level of the file.
    pub level: Level,
    /// Size of the file.
    pub file_size: u64,
    /// Maximum uncompressed row group size of the file. 0 means unknown.
    pub max_row_group_uncompressed_size: u64,
    /// Available indexes of the file.
    pub available_indexes: IndexTypes,
    /// Created indexes of the file for each column.
    ///
    /// This is essentially a more granular, column-level version of `available_indexes`,
    /// primarily used for manual index building in the asynchronous index construction mode.
    ///
    /// For backward compatibility, older `FileMeta` versions might only contain `available_indexes`.
    /// In such cases, we cannot deduce specific column index information from `available_indexes` alone.
    /// Therefore, defaulting this `indexes` field to an empty list during deserialization is a
    /// reasonable and necessary step to ensure column information consistency.
    pub indexes: Vec<ColumnIndexMetadata>,
    /// Size of the index file.
    pub index_file_size: u64,
    /// Version of the index file.
    /// Used to generate the index file name: "{file_id}.{index_version}.puffin".
    /// Default is 0 (which maps to "{file_id}.puffin" for compatibility).
    pub index_version: u64,
    /// Number of rows in the file.
    ///
    /// For historical reasons, this field might be missing in old files. Thus
    /// the default value `0` doesn't means the file doesn't contains any rows,
    /// but instead means the number of rows is unknown.
    pub num_rows: u64,
    /// Number of row groups in the file.
    ///
    /// For historical reasons, this field might be missing in old files. Thus
    /// the default value `0` doesn't means the file doesn't contains any rows,
    /// but instead means the number of rows is unknown.
    pub num_row_groups: u64,
    /// Sequence in this file.
    ///
    /// This sequence is the only sequence in this file. And it's retrieved from the max
    /// sequence of the rows on generating this file.
    pub sequence: Option<NonZeroU64>,
    /// Partition expression from the region metadata when the file is created.
    ///
    /// This is stored as a PartitionExpr object in memory for convenience,
    /// but serialized as JSON string for manifest compatibility.
    /// Compatibility behavior:
    /// - None: no partition expr was set when the file was created (legacy files).
    /// - Some(expr): partition expression from region metadata.
    #[serde(
        serialize_with = "serialize_partition_expr",
        deserialize_with = "deserialize_partition_expr"
    )]
    pub partition_expr: Option<PartitionExpr>,
    /// Number of series in the file.
    ///
    /// The number is 0 if the series number is not available.
    pub num_series: u64,
}

impl Debug for FileMeta {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let mut debug_struct = f.debug_struct("FileMeta");
        debug_struct
            .field("region_id", &self.region_id)
            .field_with("file_id", |f| write!(f, "{} ", self.file_id))
            .field_with("time_range", |f| {
                write!(
                    f,
                    "({}, {}) ",
                    self.time_range.0.to_iso8601_string(),
                    self.time_range.1.to_iso8601_string()
                )
            })
            .field("level", &self.level)
            .field("file_size", &ReadableSize(self.file_size))
            .field(
                "max_row_group_uncompressed_size",
                &ReadableSize(self.max_row_group_uncompressed_size),
            );
        if !self.available_indexes.is_empty() {
            debug_struct
                .field("available_indexes", &self.available_indexes)
                .field("indexes", &self.indexes)
                .field("index_file_size", &ReadableSize(self.index_file_size));
        }
        debug_struct
            .field("num_rows", &self.num_rows)
            .field("num_row_groups", &self.num_row_groups)
            .field_with("sequence", |f| match self.sequence {
                None => {
                    write!(f, "None")
                }
                Some(seq) => {
                    write!(f, "{}", seq)
                }
            })
            .field("partition_expr", &self.partition_expr)
            .field("num_series", &self.num_series)
            .finish()
    }
}

/// Type of index.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum IndexType {
    /// Inverted index.
    InvertedIndex,
    /// Full-text index.
    FulltextIndex,
    /// Bloom Filter index
    BloomFilterIndex,
    /// Vector index (HNSW).
    #[cfg(feature = "vector_index")]
    VectorIndex,
}

/// Metadata of indexes created for a specific column in an SST file.
///
/// This structure tracks which index types have been successfully created for a column.
/// It provides more granular, column-level index information compared to the file-level
/// `available_indexes` field in [`FileMeta`].
///
/// This is primarily used for:
/// - Manual index building in asynchronous index construction mode
/// - Verifying index consistency between files and region metadata
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
#[serde(default)]
pub struct ColumnIndexMetadata {
    /// The column ID this index metadata applies to.
    pub column_id: ColumnId,
    /// List of index types that have been successfully created for this column.
    pub created_indexes: IndexTypes,
}

impl FileMeta {
    pub fn exists_index(&self) -> bool {
        !self.available_indexes.is_empty()
    }

    pub fn index_version(&self) -> Option<IndexVersion> {
        if self.exists_index() {
            Some(self.index_version)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Whether the index file is up-to-date comparing to another file meta.    
    pub fn is_index_up_to_date(&self, other: &FileMeta) -> bool {
        self.exists_index() && other.exists_index() && self.index_version >= other.index_version
    }

    /// Returns true if the file has an inverted index
    pub fn inverted_index_available(&self) -> bool {
        self.available_indexes.contains(&IndexType::InvertedIndex)
    }

    /// Returns true if the file has a fulltext index
    pub fn fulltext_index_available(&self) -> bool {
        self.available_indexes.contains(&IndexType::FulltextIndex)
    }

    /// Returns true if the file has a bloom filter index.
    pub fn bloom_filter_index_available(&self) -> bool {
        self.available_indexes
            .contains(&IndexType::BloomFilterIndex)
    }

    pub fn index_file_size(&self) -> u64 {
        self.index_file_size
    }

    /// Check whether the file index is consistent with the given region metadata.
    pub fn is_index_consistent_with_region(&self, metadata: &[ColumnMetadata]) -> bool {
        let id_to_indexes = self
            .indexes
            .iter()
            .map(|index| (index.column_id, index.created_indexes.clone()))
            .collect::<std::collections::HashMap<_, _>>();
        for column in metadata {
            if !column.column_schema.is_indexed() {
                continue;
            }
            if let Some(indexes) = id_to_indexes.get(&column.column_id) {
                if column.column_schema.is_inverted_indexed()
                    && !indexes.contains(&IndexType::InvertedIndex)
                {
                    return false;
                }
                if column.column_schema.is_fulltext_indexed()
                    && !indexes.contains(&IndexType::FulltextIndex)
                {
                    return false;
                }
                if column.column_schema.is_skipping_indexed()
                    && !indexes.contains(&IndexType::BloomFilterIndex)
                {
                    return false;
                }
            } else {
                return false;
            }
        }
        true
    }

    /// Returns the cross-region file id.
    pub fn file_id(&self) -> RegionFileId {
        RegionFileId::new(self.region_id, self.file_id)
    }

    /// Returns the RegionIndexId for this file.
    pub fn index_id(&self) -> RegionIndexId {
        RegionIndexId::new(self.file_id(), self.index_version)
    }
}

/// Handle to a SST file.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct FileHandle {
    inner: Arc<FileHandleInner>,
}

impl fmt::Debug for FileHandle {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("FileHandle")
            .field("meta", self.meta_ref())
            .field("compacting", &self.compacting())
            .field("deleted", &self.inner.deleted.load(Ordering::Relaxed))
            .finish()
    }
}

impl FileHandle {
    pub fn new(meta: FileMeta, file_purger: FilePurgerRef) -> FileHandle {
        FileHandle {
            inner: Arc::new(FileHandleInner::new(meta, file_purger)),
        }
    }

    /// Returns the region id of the file.
    pub fn region_id(&self) -> RegionId {
        self.inner.meta.region_id
    }

    /// Returns the cross-region file id.
    pub fn file_id(&self) -> RegionFileId {
        RegionFileId::new(self.inner.meta.region_id, self.inner.meta.file_id)
    }

    /// Returns the RegionIndexId for this file.
    pub fn index_id(&self) -> RegionIndexId {
        RegionIndexId::new(self.file_id(), self.inner.meta.index_version)
    }

    /// Returns the complete file path of the file.
    pub fn file_path(&self, table_dir: &str, path_type: PathType) -> String {
        location::sst_file_path(table_dir, self.file_id(), path_type)
    }

    /// Returns the time range of the file.
    pub fn time_range(&self) -> FileTimeRange {
        self.inner.meta.time_range
    }

    /// Mark the file as deleted and will delete it on drop asynchronously
    pub fn mark_deleted(&self) {
        self.inner.deleted.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }

    pub fn compacting(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.compacting.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
    }

    pub fn set_compacting(&self, compacting: bool) {
        self.inner.compacting.store(compacting, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }

    pub fn index_outdated(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.index_outdated.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
    }

    pub fn set_index_outdated(&self, index_outdated: bool) {
        self.inner
            .index_outdated
            .store(index_outdated, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the [FileMeta].
    pub fn meta_ref(&self) -> &FileMeta {
        &self.inner.meta
    }

    pub fn file_purger(&self) -> FilePurgerRef {
        self.inner.file_purger.clone()
    }

    pub fn size(&self) -> u64 {
        self.inner.meta.file_size
    }

    pub fn index_size(&self) -> u64 {
        self.inner.meta.index_file_size
    }

    pub fn num_rows(&self) -> usize {
        self.inner.meta.num_rows as usize
    }

    pub fn level(&self) -> Level {
        self.inner.meta.level
    }

    pub fn is_deleted(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.deleted.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
    }
}

/// Inner data of [FileHandle].
///
/// Contains meta of the file, and other mutable info like whether the file is compacting.
struct FileHandleInner {
    meta: FileMeta,
    compacting: AtomicBool,
    deleted: AtomicBool,
    index_outdated: AtomicBool,
    file_purger: FilePurgerRef,
}

impl Drop for FileHandleInner {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.file_purger.remove_file(
            self.meta.clone(),
            self.deleted.load(Ordering::Acquire),
            self.index_outdated.load(Ordering::Acquire),
        );
    }
}

impl FileHandleInner {
    /// There should only be one `FileHandleInner` for each file on a datanode
    fn new(meta: FileMeta, file_purger: FilePurgerRef) -> FileHandleInner {
        file_purger.new_file(&meta);
        FileHandleInner {
            meta,
            compacting: AtomicBool::new(false),
            deleted: AtomicBool::new(false),
            index_outdated: AtomicBool::new(false),
            file_purger,
        }
    }
}

/// Delete files for a region.
/// - `region_id`: Region id.
/// - `file_ids`: List of (file id, index version) tuples to delete.
/// - `delete_index`: Whether to delete the index file from the cache.
/// - `access_layer`: Access layer to delete files.
/// - `cache_manager`: Cache manager to remove files from cache.
pub async fn delete_files(
    region_id: RegionId,
    file_ids: &[(FileId, u64)],
    delete_index: bool,
    access_layer: &AccessLayerRef,
    cache_manager: &Option<CacheManagerRef>,
) -> crate::error::Result<()> {
    // Remove meta of the file from cache.
    if let Some(cache) = &cache_manager {
        for (file_id, _) in file_ids {
            cache.remove_parquet_meta_data(RegionFileId::new(region_id, *file_id));
        }
    }
    let mut deleted_files = Vec::with_capacity(file_ids.len());

    for (file_id, index_version) in file_ids {
        let region_file_id = RegionFileId::new(region_id, *file_id);
        match access_layer
            .delete_sst(
                &region_file_id,
                &RegionIndexId::new(region_file_id, *index_version),
            )
            .await
        {
            Ok(_) => {
                deleted_files.push(*file_id);
            }
            Err(e) => {
                error!(e; "Failed to delete sst and index file for {}", region_file_id);
            }
        }
    }

    debug!(
        "Deleted {} files for region {}: {:?}",
        deleted_files.len(),
        region_id,
        deleted_files
    );

    for (file_id, index_version) in file_ids {
        purge_index_cache_stager(
            region_id,
            delete_index,
            access_layer,
            cache_manager,
            *file_id,
            *index_version,
        )
        .await;
    }
    Ok(())
}

pub async fn delete_index(
    region_index_id: RegionIndexId,
    access_layer: &AccessLayerRef,
    cache_manager: &Option<CacheManagerRef>,
) -> crate::error::Result<()> {
    access_layer.delete_index(region_index_id).await?;

    purge_index_cache_stager(
        region_index_id.region_id(),
        true,
        access_layer,
        cache_manager,
        region_index_id.file_id(),
        region_index_id.version,
    )
    .await;

    Ok(())
}

async fn purge_index_cache_stager(
    region_id: RegionId,
    delete_index: bool,
    access_layer: &AccessLayerRef,
    cache_manager: &Option<CacheManagerRef>,
    file_id: FileId,
    index_version: u64,
) {
    if let Some(write_cache) = cache_manager.as_ref().and_then(|cache| cache.write_cache()) {
        // Removes index file from the cache.
        if delete_index {
            write_cache
                .remove(IndexKey::new(
                    region_id,
                    file_id,
                    FileType::Puffin(index_version),
                ))
                .await;
        }

        // Remove the SST file from the cache.
        write_cache
            .remove(IndexKey::new(region_id, file_id, FileType::Parquet))
            .await;
    }

    // Purges index content in the stager.
    if let Err(e) = access_layer
        .puffin_manager_factory()
        .purge_stager(RegionIndexId::new(
            RegionFileId::new(region_id, file_id),
            index_version,
        ))
        .await
    {
        error!(e; "Failed to purge stager with index file, file_id: {}, index_version: {}, region: {}",
                file_id, index_version, region_id);
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use std::str::FromStr;

    use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
    use datatypes::schema::{
        ColumnSchema, FulltextAnalyzer, FulltextBackend, FulltextOptions, SkippingIndexOptions,
    };
    use datatypes::value::Value;
    use partition::expr::{PartitionExpr, col};

    use super::*;

    fn create_file_meta(file_id: FileId, level: Level) -> FileMeta {
        FileMeta {
            region_id: 0.into(),
            file_id,
            time_range: FileTimeRange::default(),
            level,
            file_size: 0,
            max_row_group_uncompressed_size: 0,
            available_indexes: SmallVec::from_iter([IndexType::InvertedIndex]),
            indexes: vec![ColumnIndexMetadata {
                column_id: 0,
                created_indexes: SmallVec::from_iter([IndexType::InvertedIndex]),
            }],
            index_file_size: 0,
            index_version: 0,
            num_rows: 0,
            num_row_groups: 0,
            sequence: None,
            partition_expr: None,
            num_series: 0,
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_deserialize_file_meta() {
        let file_meta = create_file_meta(FileId::random(), 0);
        let serialized_file_meta = serde_json::to_string(&file_meta).unwrap();
        let deserialized_file_meta = serde_json::from_str(&serialized_file_meta);
        assert_eq!(file_meta, deserialized_file_meta.unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_deserialize_from_string() {
        let json_file_meta = "{\"region_id\":0,\"file_id\":\"bc5896ec-e4d8-4017-a80d-f2de73188d55\",\
        \"time_range\":[{\"value\":0,\"unit\":\"Millisecond\"},{\"value\":0,\"unit\":\"Millisecond\"}],\
        \"available_indexes\":[\"InvertedIndex\"],\"indexes\":[{\"column_id\": 0, \"created_indexes\": [\"InvertedIndex\"]}],\"level\":0}";
        let file_meta = create_file_meta(
            FileId::from_str("bc5896ec-e4d8-4017-a80d-f2de73188d55").unwrap(),
            0,
        );
        let deserialized_file_meta: FileMeta = serde_json::from_str(json_file_meta).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(file_meta, deserialized_file_meta);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_file_meta_with_partition_expr() {
        let file_id = FileId::random();
        let partition_expr = PartitionExpr::new(
            col("a"),
            partition::expr::RestrictedOp::GtEq,
            Value::UInt32(10).into(),
        );

        let file_meta_with_partition = FileMeta {
            region_id: 0.into(),
            file_id,
            time_range: FileTimeRange::default(),
            level: 0,
            file_size: 0,
            max_row_group_uncompressed_size: 0,
            available_indexes: SmallVec::from_iter([IndexType::InvertedIndex]),
            indexes: vec![ColumnIndexMetadata {
                column_id: 0,
                created_indexes: SmallVec::from_iter([IndexType::InvertedIndex]),
            }],
            index_file_size: 0,
            index_version: 0,
            num_rows: 0,
            num_row_groups: 0,
            sequence: None,
            partition_expr: Some(partition_expr.clone()),
            num_series: 0,
        };

        // Test serialization/deserialization
        let serialized = serde_json::to_string(&file_meta_with_partition).unwrap();
        let deserialized: FileMeta = serde_json::from_str(&serialized).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(file_meta_with_partition, deserialized);

        // Verify the serialized JSON contains the expected partition expression string
        let serialized_value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&serialized).unwrap();
        assert!(serialized_value["partition_expr"].as_str().is_some());
        let partition_expr_json = serialized_value["partition_expr"].as_str().unwrap();
        assert!(partition_expr_json.contains("\"Column\":\"a\""));
        assert!(partition_expr_json.contains("\"op\":\"GtEq\""));

        // Test with None (legacy files)
        let file_meta_none = FileMeta {
            partition_expr: None,
            ..file_meta_with_partition.clone()
        };
        let serialized_none = serde_json::to_string(&file_meta_none).unwrap();
        let deserialized_none: FileMeta = serde_json::from_str(&serialized_none).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(file_meta_none, deserialized_none);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_file_meta_partition_expr_backward_compatibility() {
        // Test that we can deserialize old JSON format with partition_expr as string
        let json_with_partition_expr = r#"{
            "region_id": 0,
            "file_id": "bc5896ec-e4d8-4017-a80d-f2de73188d55",
            "time_range": [
                {"value": 0, "unit": "Millisecond"},
                {"value": 0, "unit": "Millisecond"}
            ],
            "level": 0,
            "file_size": 0,
            "available_indexes": ["InvertedIndex"],
            "index_file_size": 0,
            "num_rows": 0,
            "num_row_groups": 0,
            "sequence": null,
            "partition_expr": "{\"Expr\":{\"lhs\":{\"Column\":\"a\"},\"op\":\"GtEq\",\"rhs\":{\"Value\":{\"UInt32\":10}}}}"
        }"#;

        let file_meta: FileMeta = serde_json::from_str(json_with_partition_expr).unwrap();
        assert!(file_meta.partition_expr.is_some());
        let expr = file_meta.partition_expr.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(format!("{}", expr), "a >= 10");

        // Test empty partition expression string
        let json_with_empty_expr = r#"{
            "region_id": 0,
            "file_id": "bc5896ec-e4d8-4017-a80d-f2de73188d55",
            "time_range": [
                {"value": 0, "unit": "Millisecond"},
                {"value": 0, "unit": "Millisecond"}
            ],
            "level": 0,
            "file_size": 0,
            "available_indexes": [],
            "index_file_size": 0,
            "num_rows": 0,
            "num_row_groups": 0,
            "sequence": null,
            "partition_expr": ""
        }"#;

        let file_meta_empty: FileMeta = serde_json::from_str(json_with_empty_expr).unwrap();
        assert!(file_meta_empty.partition_expr.is_none());

        // Test null partition expression
        let json_with_null_expr = r#"{
            "region_id": 0,
            "file_id": "bc5896ec-e4d8-4017-a80d-f2de73188d55",
            "time_range": [
                {"value": 0, "unit": "Millisecond"},
                {"value": 0, "unit": "Millisecond"}
            ],
            "level": 0,
            "file_size": 0,
            "available_indexes": [],
            "index_file_size": 0,
            "num_rows": 0,
            "num_row_groups": 0,
            "sequence": null,
            "partition_expr": null
        }"#;

        let file_meta_null: FileMeta = serde_json::from_str(json_with_null_expr).unwrap();
        assert!(file_meta_null.partition_expr.is_none());

        // Test partition expression doesn't exist
        let json_with_empty_expr = r#"{
            "region_id": 0,
            "file_id": "bc5896ec-e4d8-4017-a80d-f2de73188d55",
            "time_range": [
                {"value": 0, "unit": "Millisecond"},
                {"value": 0, "unit": "Millisecond"}
            ],
            "level": 0,
            "file_size": 0,
            "available_indexes": [],
            "index_file_size": 0,
            "num_rows": 0,
            "num_row_groups": 0,
            "sequence": null
        }"#;

        let file_meta_empty: FileMeta = serde_json::from_str(json_with_empty_expr).unwrap();
        assert!(file_meta_empty.partition_expr.is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_file_meta_indexes_backward_compatibility() {
        // Old FileMeta format without the 'indexes' field
        let json_old_file_meta = r#"{
            "region_id": 0,
            "file_id": "bc5896ec-e4d8-4017-a80d-f2de73188d55",
            "time_range": [
                {"value": 0, "unit": "Millisecond"},
                {"value": 0, "unit": "Millisecond"}
            ],
            "available_indexes": ["InvertedIndex"],
            "level": 0,
            "file_size": 0,
            "index_file_size": 0,
            "num_rows": 0,
            "num_row_groups": 0
        }"#;

        let deserialized_file_meta: FileMeta = serde_json::from_str(json_old_file_meta).unwrap();

        // Verify backward compatibility: indexes field should default to empty vec
        assert_eq!(deserialized_file_meta.indexes, vec![]);

        let expected_indexes: IndexTypes = SmallVec::from_iter([IndexType::InvertedIndex]);
        assert_eq!(deserialized_file_meta.available_indexes, expected_indexes);

        assert_eq!(
            deserialized_file_meta.file_id,
            FileId::from_str("bc5896ec-e4d8-4017-a80d-f2de73188d55").unwrap()
        );
    }
    #[test]
    fn test_is_index_consistent_with_region() {
        fn new_column_meta(
            id: ColumnId,
            name: &str,
            inverted: bool,
            fulltext: bool,
            skipping: bool,
        ) -> ColumnMetadata {
            let mut column_schema =
                ColumnSchema::new(name, ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(), true);
            if inverted {
                column_schema = column_schema.with_inverted_index(true);
            }
            if fulltext {
                column_schema = column_schema
                    .with_fulltext_options(FulltextOptions::new_unchecked(
                        true,
                        FulltextAnalyzer::English,
                        false,
                        FulltextBackend::Bloom,
                        1000,
                        0.01,
                    ))
                    .unwrap();
            }
            if skipping {
                column_schema = column_schema
                    .with_skipping_options(SkippingIndexOptions::new_unchecked(
                        1024,
                        0.01,
                        datatypes::schema::SkippingIndexType::BloomFilter,
                    ))
                    .unwrap();
            }

            ColumnMetadata {
                column_schema,
                semantic_type: api::v1::SemanticType::Tag,
                column_id: id,
            }
        }

        // Case 1: Perfect match. File has exactly the required indexes.
        let mut file_meta = FileMeta {
            indexes: vec![ColumnIndexMetadata {
                column_id: 1,
                created_indexes: SmallVec::from_iter([IndexType::InvertedIndex]),
            }],
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let region_meta = vec![new_column_meta(1, "tag1", true, false, false)];
        assert!(file_meta.is_index_consistent_with_region(&region_meta));

        // Case 2: Superset match. File has more indexes than required.
        file_meta.indexes = vec![ColumnIndexMetadata {
            column_id: 1,
            created_indexes: SmallVec::from_iter([
                IndexType::InvertedIndex,
                IndexType::BloomFilterIndex,
            ]),
        }];
        let region_meta = vec![new_column_meta(1, "tag1", true, false, false)];
        assert!(file_meta.is_index_consistent_with_region(&region_meta));

        // Case 3: Missing index type. File has the column but lacks the required index type.
        file_meta.indexes = vec![ColumnIndexMetadata {
            column_id: 1,
            created_indexes: SmallVec::from_iter([IndexType::InvertedIndex]),
        }];
        let region_meta = vec![new_column_meta(1, "tag1", true, true, false)]; // Requires fulltext too
        assert!(!file_meta.is_index_consistent_with_region(&region_meta));

        // Case 4: Missing column. Region requires an index on a column not in the file's index list.
        file_meta.indexes = vec![ColumnIndexMetadata {
            column_id: 2, // File only has index for column 2
            created_indexes: SmallVec::from_iter([IndexType::InvertedIndex]),
        }];
        let region_meta = vec![new_column_meta(1, "tag1", true, false, false)]; // Requires index on column 1
        assert!(!file_meta.is_index_consistent_with_region(&region_meta));

        // Case 5: No indexes required by region. Should always be consistent.
        file_meta.indexes = vec![ColumnIndexMetadata {
            column_id: 1,
            created_indexes: SmallVec::from_iter([IndexType::InvertedIndex]),
        }];
        let region_meta = vec![new_column_meta(1, "tag1", false, false, false)]; // No index required
        assert!(file_meta.is_index_consistent_with_region(&region_meta));

        // Case 6: Empty file indexes. Region requires an index.
        file_meta.indexes = vec![];
        let region_meta = vec![new_column_meta(1, "tag1", true, false, false)];
        assert!(!file_meta.is_index_consistent_with_region(&region_meta));

        // Case 7: Multiple columns, one is inconsistent.
        file_meta.indexes = vec![
            ColumnIndexMetadata {
                column_id: 1,
                created_indexes: SmallVec::from_iter([IndexType::InvertedIndex]),
            },
            ColumnIndexMetadata {
                column_id: 2, // Column 2 is missing the required BloomFilterIndex
                created_indexes: SmallVec::from_iter([IndexType::FulltextIndex]),
            },
        ];
        let region_meta = vec![
            new_column_meta(1, "tag1", true, false, false),
            new_column_meta(2, "tag2", false, true, true), // Requires Fulltext and BloomFilter
        ];
        assert!(!file_meta.is_index_consistent_with_region(&region_meta));
    }
}