mito2/read/

scan_region.rs

// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

//! Scans a region according to the scan request.

use std::collections::HashSet;
use std::fmt;
use std::num::NonZeroU64;
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::time::Instant;

use api::v1::SemanticType;
use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
use common_recordbatch::SendableRecordBatchStream;
use common_recordbatch::adapter::RegionQueryStatCounters;
use common_recordbatch::filter::SimpleFilterEvaluator;
use common_telemetry::tracing::Instrument;
use common_telemetry::{debug, error, tracing, warn};
use common_time::range::TimestampRange;
use datafusion::physical_plan::expressions::DynamicFilterPhysicalExpr;
use datafusion_common::pruning::PruningStatistics;
use datafusion_common::{Column, ScalarValue};
use datafusion_expr::Expr;
use datafusion_expr::utils::expr_to_columns;
use datatypes::arrow::array::{ArrayRef, BooleanArray, UInt64Array};
use datatypes::extension::json::is_structured_json_field;
use datatypes::types::json_type::JsonNativeType;
use datatypes::value::timestamp_to_scalar_value;
use futures::StreamExt;
use itertools::Itertools;
use partition::expr::PartitionExpr;
use smallvec::SmallVec;
use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
use store_api::metadata::{RegionMetadata, RegionMetadataRef};
use store_api::region_engine::{PartitionRange, RegionScannerRef};
use store_api::storage::{
    ColumnId, NestedPath, RegionId, ScanRequest, SequenceNumber, SequenceRange,
    TimeSeriesDistribution, TimeSeriesRowSelector,
};
use table::predicate::{Predicate, build_time_range_predicate, extract_time_range_from_expr};
use tokio::sync::{Semaphore, mpsc};
use tokio_stream::wrappers::ReceiverStream;

use crate::access_layer::AccessLayerRef;
use crate::cache::CacheStrategy;
use crate::config::DEFAULT_MAX_CONCURRENT_SCAN_FILES;
use crate::error::{InvalidPartitionExprSnafu, InvalidRequestSnafu, Result};
#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
use crate::extension::{BoxedExtensionRange, BoxedExtensionRangeProvider};
use crate::memtable::{MemtableRange, RangesOptions};
use crate::metrics::READ_SST_COUNT;
use crate::read::compat::{self, FlatCompatBatch};
use crate::read::flat_projection::FlatProjectionMapper;
use crate::read::range::{FileRangeBuilder, MemRangeBuilder, RangeMeta, RowGroupIndex};
use crate::read::range_cache::{ScanRequestFingerprint, implied_time_range_from_exprs};
use crate::read::read_columns::{ReadColumn, ReadColumns};
use crate::read::seq_scan::SeqScan;
use crate::read::series_scan::SeriesScan;
use crate::read::stream::ScanBatchStream;
use crate::read::unordered_scan::UnorderedScan;
use crate::read::{BoxedRecordBatchStream, RecordBatch};
use crate::region::options::MergeMode;
use crate::region::version::VersionRef;
use crate::sst::file::FileHandle;
use crate::sst::index::bloom_filter::applier::{
    BloomFilterIndexApplierBuilder, BloomFilterIndexApplierRef,
};
use crate::sst::index::fulltext_index::applier::FulltextIndexApplierRef;
use crate::sst::index::fulltext_index::applier::builder::FulltextIndexApplierBuilder;
use crate::sst::index::inverted_index::applier::InvertedIndexApplierRef;
use crate::sst::index::inverted_index::applier::builder::InvertedIndexApplierBuilder;
#[cfg(feature = "vector_index")]
use crate::sst::index::vector_index::applier::{VectorIndexApplier, VectorIndexApplierRef};
use crate::sst::parquet::file_range::PreFilterMode;
use crate::sst::parquet::reader::ReaderMetrics;

#[cfg(feature = "vector_index")]
const VECTOR_INDEX_OVERFETCH_MULTIPLIER: usize = 2;

/// A scanner scans a region and returns a [SendableRecordBatchStream].
pub(crate) enum Scanner {
    /// Sequential scan.
    Seq(SeqScan),
    /// Unordered scan.
    Unordered(UnorderedScan),
    /// Per-series scan.
    Series(SeriesScan),
}

impl Scanner {
    /// Returns a [SendableRecordBatchStream] to retrieve scan results from all partitions.
    #[tracing::instrument(level = tracing::Level::DEBUG, skip_all)]
    pub(crate) async fn scan(&self) -> Result<SendableRecordBatchStream, BoxedError> {
        match self {
            Scanner::Seq(seq_scan) => seq_scan.build_stream(),
            Scanner::Unordered(unordered_scan) => unordered_scan.build_stream().await,
            Scanner::Series(series_scan) => series_scan.build_stream().await,
        }
    }

    /// Create a stream of [`Batch`] by this scanner.
    pub(crate) fn scan_batch(&self) -> Result<ScanBatchStream> {
        match self {
            Scanner::Seq(x) => x.scan_all_partitions(),
            Scanner::Unordered(x) => x.scan_all_partitions(),
            Scanner::Series(x) => x.scan_all_partitions(),
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
impl Scanner {
    /// Returns number of files to scan.
    pub(crate) fn num_files(&self) -> usize {
        match self {
            Scanner::Seq(seq_scan) => seq_scan.input().num_files(),
            Scanner::Unordered(unordered_scan) => unordered_scan.input().num_files(),
            Scanner::Series(series_scan) => series_scan.input().num_files(),
        }
    }

    /// Returns number of memtables to scan.
    pub(crate) fn num_memtables(&self) -> usize {
        match self {
            Scanner::Seq(seq_scan) => seq_scan.input().num_memtables(),
            Scanner::Unordered(unordered_scan) => unordered_scan.input().num_memtables(),
            Scanner::Series(series_scan) => series_scan.input().num_memtables(),
        }
    }

    /// Returns SST file ids to scan.
    pub(crate) fn file_ids(&self) -> Vec<crate::sst::file::RegionFileId> {
        match self {
            Scanner::Seq(seq_scan) => seq_scan.input().file_ids(),
            Scanner::Unordered(unordered_scan) => unordered_scan.input().file_ids(),
            Scanner::Series(series_scan) => series_scan.input().file_ids(),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn index_ids(&self) -> Vec<crate::sst::file::RegionIndexId> {
        match self {
            Scanner::Seq(seq_scan) => seq_scan.input().index_ids(),
            Scanner::Unordered(unordered_scan) => unordered_scan.input().index_ids(),
            Scanner::Series(series_scan) => series_scan.input().index_ids(),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn snapshot_sequence(&self) -> Option<SequenceNumber> {
        match self {
            Scanner::Seq(seq_scan) => seq_scan.input().snapshot_sequence,
            Scanner::Unordered(unordered_scan) => unordered_scan.input().snapshot_sequence,
            Scanner::Series(series_scan) => series_scan.input().snapshot_sequence,
        }
    }

    /// Sets the target partitions for the scanner. It can controls the parallelism of the scanner.
    pub(crate) fn set_target_partitions(&mut self, target_partitions: usize) {
        use store_api::region_engine::{PrepareRequest, RegionScanner};

        let request = PrepareRequest::default().with_target_partitions(target_partitions);
        match self {
            Scanner::Seq(seq_scan) => seq_scan.prepare(request).unwrap(),
            Scanner::Unordered(unordered_scan) => unordered_scan.prepare(request).unwrap(),
            Scanner::Series(series_scan) => series_scan.prepare(request).unwrap(),
        }
    }
}

#[cfg_attr(doc, aquamarine::aquamarine)]
/// Helper to scans a region by [ScanRequest].
///
/// [ScanRegion] collects SSTs and memtables to scan without actually reading them. It
/// creates a [Scanner] to actually scan these targets in [Scanner::scan()].
///
/// ```mermaid
/// classDiagram
/// class ScanRegion {
///     -VersionRef version
///     -ScanRequest request
///     ~scanner() Scanner
///     ~seq_scan() SeqScan
/// }
/// class Scanner {
///     <<enumeration>>
///     SeqScan
///     UnorderedScan
///     +scan() SendableRecordBatchStream
/// }
/// class SeqScan {
///     -ScanInput input
///     +build() SendableRecordBatchStream
/// }
/// class UnorderedScan {
///     -ScanInput input
///     +build() SendableRecordBatchStream
/// }
/// class ScanInput {
///     -ProjectionMapper mapper
///     -Option~TimeRange~ time_range
///     -Option~Predicate~ predicate
///     -Vec~MemtableRef~ memtables
///     -Vec~FileHandle~ files
/// }
/// class ProjectionMapper {
///     ~output_schema() SchemaRef
///     ~convert(Batch) RecordBatch
/// }
/// ScanRegion -- Scanner
/// ScanRegion o-- ScanRequest
/// Scanner o-- SeqScan
/// Scanner o-- UnorderedScan
/// SeqScan o-- ScanInput
/// UnorderedScan o-- ScanInput
/// Scanner -- SendableRecordBatchStream
/// ScanInput o-- ProjectionMapper
/// SeqScan -- SendableRecordBatchStream
/// UnorderedScan -- SendableRecordBatchStream
/// ```
pub(crate) struct ScanRegion {
    /// Version of the region at scan.
    version: VersionRef,
    /// Access layer of the region.
    access_layer: AccessLayerRef,
    /// Scan request.
    request: ScanRequest,
    /// Cache.
    cache_strategy: CacheStrategy,
    /// Maximum number of SST files to scan concurrently.
    max_concurrent_scan_files: usize,
    /// Whether to ignore inverted index.
    ignore_inverted_index: bool,
    /// Whether to ignore fulltext index.
    ignore_fulltext_index: bool,
    /// Whether to ignore bloom filter.
    ignore_bloom_filter: bool,
    /// Start time of the scan task.
    start_time: Option<Instant>,
    /// Whether to filter out the deleted rows.
    /// Usually true for normal read, and false for scan for compaction.
    filter_deleted: bool,
    /// Counters that should receive query-load metrics.
    query_stat_counters: Option<RegionQueryStatCounters>,
    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
    extension_range_provider: Option<BoxedExtensionRangeProvider>,
}

impl ScanRegion {
    /// Creates a [ScanRegion].
    pub(crate) fn new(
        version: VersionRef,
        access_layer: AccessLayerRef,
        request: ScanRequest,
        cache_strategy: CacheStrategy,
    ) -> ScanRegion {
        ScanRegion {
            version,
            access_layer,
            request,
            cache_strategy,
            max_concurrent_scan_files: DEFAULT_MAX_CONCURRENT_SCAN_FILES,
            ignore_inverted_index: false,
            ignore_fulltext_index: false,
            ignore_bloom_filter: false,
            start_time: None,
            filter_deleted: true,
            query_stat_counters: None,
            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
            extension_range_provider: None,
        }
    }

    /// Sets counters that should receive query-load metrics.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_query_stat_counters(mut self, counters: RegionQueryStatCounters) -> Self {
        self.query_stat_counters = Some(counters);
        self
    }

    /// Sets maximum number of SST files to scan concurrently.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_max_concurrent_scan_files(
        mut self,
        max_concurrent_scan_files: usize,
    ) -> Self {
        self.max_concurrent_scan_files = max_concurrent_scan_files;
        self
    }

    /// Sets whether to ignore inverted index.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_ignore_inverted_index(mut self, ignore: bool) -> Self {
        self.ignore_inverted_index = ignore;
        self
    }

    /// Sets whether to ignore fulltext index.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_ignore_fulltext_index(mut self, ignore: bool) -> Self {
        self.ignore_fulltext_index = ignore;
        self
    }

    /// Sets whether to ignore bloom filter.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_ignore_bloom_filter(mut self, ignore: bool) -> Self {
        self.ignore_bloom_filter = ignore;
        self
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_start_time(mut self, now: Instant) -> Self {
        self.start_time = Some(now);
        self
    }

    pub(crate) fn set_filter_deleted(&mut self, filter_deleted: bool) {
        self.filter_deleted = filter_deleted;
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
    pub(crate) fn set_extension_range_provider(
        &mut self,
        extension_range_provider: BoxedExtensionRangeProvider,
    ) {
        self.extension_range_provider = Some(extension_range_provider);
    }

    /// Returns a [Scanner] to scan the region.
    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(region_id = %self.region_id()))]
    pub(crate) async fn scanner(self) -> Result<Scanner> {
        if self.use_series_scan() {
            self.series_scan().await.map(Scanner::Series)
        } else if self.use_unordered_scan() {
            // If table is append only and there is no series row selector, we use unordered scan in query.
            // We still use seq scan in compaction.
            self.unordered_scan().await.map(Scanner::Unordered)
        } else {
            self.seq_scan().await.map(Scanner::Seq)
        }
    }

    /// Returns a [RegionScanner] to scan the region.
    #[tracing::instrument(
        level = tracing::Level::DEBUG,
        skip_all,
        fields(region_id = %self.region_id())
    )]
    pub(crate) async fn region_scanner(self) -> Result<RegionScannerRef> {
        if self.use_series_scan() {
            self.series_scan()
                .await
                .map(|scanner| Box::new(scanner) as _)
        } else if self.use_unordered_scan() {
            self.unordered_scan()
                .await
                .map(|scanner| Box::new(scanner) as _)
        } else {
            self.seq_scan().await.map(|scanner| Box::new(scanner) as _)
        }
    }

    /// Scan sequentially.
    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(region_id = %self.region_id()))]
    pub(crate) async fn seq_scan(self) -> Result<SeqScan> {
        let input = self.scan_input().await?.with_compaction(false);
        Ok(SeqScan::new(input))
    }

    /// Unordered scan.
    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(region_id = %self.region_id()))]
    pub(crate) async fn unordered_scan(self) -> Result<UnorderedScan> {
        let input = self.scan_input().await?;
        Ok(UnorderedScan::new(input))
    }

    /// Scans by series.
    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(region_id = %self.region_id()))]
    pub(crate) async fn series_scan(self) -> Result<SeriesScan> {
        let input = self.scan_input().await?;
        Ok(SeriesScan::new(input))
    }

    /// Returns true if the region can use unordered scan for current request.
    fn use_unordered_scan(&self) -> bool {
        // We use unordered scan when:
        // 1. The region is in append mode.
        // 2. There is no series row selector.
        // 3. The required distribution is None or TimeSeriesDistribution::TimeWindowed.
        //
        // We still use seq scan in compaction.
        self.version.options.append_mode
            && self.request.series_row_selector.is_none()
            && (self.request.distribution.is_none()
                || self.request.distribution == Some(TimeSeriesDistribution::TimeWindowed))
    }

    /// Returns true if the region can use series scan for current request.
    fn use_series_scan(&self) -> bool {
        self.request.distribution == Some(TimeSeriesDistribution::PerSeries)
    }

    /// Creates a scan input.
    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(region_id = %self.region_id()))]
    async fn scan_input(self) -> Result<ScanInput> {
        let metadata = &self.version.metadata;
        let sst_min_sequence = self.request.sst_min_sequence.and_then(NonZeroU64::new);
        let time_range = self.build_time_range_predicate();
        let predicate = PredicateGroup::new(metadata, &self.request.filters)?;

        let read_col_ids =
            self.build_read_col_ids(self.request.projection.as_deref(), &predicate)?;

        // Narrow JSON2 columns to avoid reading unnecessary nested fields.
        //
        // `read_col_ids` selects the root columns required by the projection and predicates,
        // while nested projection is currently only applied to JSON2 columns, whose type hints
        // further narrow them to the requested nested fields.
        let has_structured_json = metadata
            .schema
            .arrow_schema()
            .fields()
            .iter()
            .any(is_structured_json_field);
        let read_cols = if has_structured_json {
            self.read_columns_with_json_type_hint(&read_col_ids)
        } else {
            ReadColumns::from_deduped_column_ids(read_col_ids.iter().copied())
        };

        // The mapper always computes projected column ids as the schema of SSTs may change.
        let projection = self
            .request
            .projection
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| (0..metadata.column_metadatas.len()).collect());
        let json_type_hint = has_structured_json
            .then_some(&self.request.json_type_hint)
            .inspect(|json_type_hint| {
                debug!(
                    "Concretized JSON type: {{{}}}",
                    json_type_hint
                        .iter()
                        .map(|(k, v)| format!("{}: {}", k, v))
                        .join(", ")
                );
            });
        let mapper = FlatProjectionMapper::new_with_read_columns(
            metadata,
            projection,
            read_cols,
            json_type_hint,
        )?;
        let mapper = if self.request.preserve_pk_dictionary_encoding {
            mapper.with_pk_dictionary_encoding()
        } else {
            mapper
        };

        let ssts = &self.version.ssts;
        let mut files = Vec::new();
        if !self.request.skip_sst_files {
            for level in ssts.levels() {
                for file in level.files.values() {
                    let exceed_min_sequence = match (sst_min_sequence, file.meta_ref().sequence) {
                        (Some(min_sequence), Some(file_sequence)) => file_sequence > min_sequence,
                        // If the file's sequence is None (or actually is zero), it could mean the file
                        // is generated and added to the region "directly". In this case, its data should
                        // be considered as fresh as the memtable. So its sequence is treated greater than
                        // the min_sequence, whatever the value of min_sequence is. Hence the default
                        // "true" in this arm.
                        (Some(_), None) => true,
                        (None, _) => true,
                    };

                    // Finds SST files in range.
                    if exceed_min_sequence && file_in_range(file, &time_range) {
                        files.push(file.clone());
                    }
                    // There is no need to check and prune for file's sequence here as the sequence number is usually very new,
                    // unless the timing is too good, or the sequence number wouldn't be in file.
                    // and the batch will be filtered out by tree reader anyway.
                }
            }
        }

        let memtables = self.version.memtables.list_memtables();
        // Skip empty memtables and memtables out of time range.
        let mut mem_range_builders = Vec::new();
        let filter_mode = pre_filter_mode(
            self.version.options.append_mode,
            self.version.options.merge_mode(),
        );

        for m in memtables {
            // check if memtable is empty by reading stats.
            let Some((start, end)) = m.stats().time_range() else {
                continue;
            };
            // The time range of the memtable is inclusive.
            let memtable_range = TimestampRange::new_inclusive(Some(start), Some(end));
            if !memtable_range.intersects(&time_range) {
                continue;
            }
            let ranges_in_memtable = m.ranges(
                Some(&read_col_ids),
                RangesOptions::default()
                    .with_predicate(predicate.clone())
                    .with_sequence(SequenceRange::new(
                        self.request.memtable_min_sequence,
                        self.request.memtable_max_sequence,
                    ))
                    .with_pre_filter_mode(filter_mode),
            )?;
            mem_range_builders.extend(ranges_in_memtable.ranges.into_values().map(|v| {
                let stats = v.stats().clone();
                MemRangeBuilder::new(v, stats)
            }));
        }

        let region_id = self.region_id();
        debug!(
            "Scan region {}, request: {:?}, time range: {:?}, memtables: {}, ssts_to_read: {}, append_mode: {}",
            region_id,
            self.request,
            time_range,
            mem_range_builders.len(),
            files.len(),
            self.version.options.append_mode,
        );

        let (non_field_filters, field_filters) = self.partition_by_field_filters();
        let inverted_index_appliers = [
            self.build_invereted_index_applier(&non_field_filters),
            self.build_invereted_index_applier(&field_filters),
        ];
        let bloom_filter_appliers = [
            self.build_bloom_filter_applier(&non_field_filters),
            self.build_bloom_filter_applier(&field_filters),
        ];
        let fulltext_index_appliers = [
            self.build_fulltext_index_applier(&non_field_filters),
            self.build_fulltext_index_applier(&field_filters),
        ];
        #[cfg(feature = "vector_index")]
        let vector_index_applier = self.build_vector_index_applier();
        #[cfg(feature = "vector_index")]
        let vector_index_k = self.request.vector_search.as_ref().map(|search| {
            if self.request.filters.is_empty() {
                search.k
            } else {
                search.k.saturating_mul(VECTOR_INDEX_OVERFETCH_MULTIPLIER)
            }
        });

        let input = ScanInput::new(self.access_layer, mapper)
            .with_time_range(Some(time_range))
            .with_predicate(predicate)
            .with_memtables(mem_range_builders)
            .with_files(files)
            .with_cache(self.cache_strategy)
            .with_inverted_index_appliers(inverted_index_appliers)
            .with_bloom_filter_index_appliers(bloom_filter_appliers)
            .with_fulltext_index_appliers(fulltext_index_appliers)
            .with_max_concurrent_scan_files(self.max_concurrent_scan_files)
            .with_start_time(self.start_time)
            .with_append_mode(self.version.options.append_mode)
            .with_filter_deleted(self.filter_deleted)
            .with_merge_mode(self.version.options.merge_mode())
            .with_series_row_selector(self.request.series_row_selector)
            .with_distribution(self.request.distribution)
            .with_explain_flat_format(
                self.version.options.sst_format == Some(crate::sst::FormatType::Flat),
            )
            .with_snapshot_sequence(
                self.request
                    .snapshot_on_scan
                    .then_some(self.request.memtable_max_sequence)
                    .flatten(),
            )
            .with_query_stat_counters(self.query_stat_counters);
        #[cfg(feature = "vector_index")]
        let input = input
            .with_vector_index_applier(vector_index_applier)
            .with_vector_index_k(vector_index_k);

        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
        let input = if !self.request.skip_sst_files
            && let Some(provider) = self.extension_range_provider
        {
            let ranges = provider
                .find_extension_ranges(self.version.flushed_sequence, time_range, &self.request)
                .await?;
            debug!("Find extension ranges: {ranges:?}");
            input.with_extension_ranges(ranges)
        } else {
            input
        };
        Ok(input)
    }

    /// Builds the ordered root column ids required by the pushed-down projection and predicate.
    fn build_read_col_ids(
        &self,
        projection: Option<&[usize]>,
        predicate: &PredicateGroup,
    ) -> Result<Vec<ColumnId>> {
        let metadata = &self.version.metadata;
        let Some(projection) = projection else {
            return Ok(metadata
                .column_metadatas
                .iter()
                .map(|col| col.column_id)
                .collect());
        };

        let mut read_col_ids = Vec::new();
        let mut seen = HashSet::new();
        for idx in projection {
            let col_id = metadata
                .column_metadatas
                .get(*idx)
                .with_context(|| InvalidRequestSnafu {
                    region_id: metadata.region_id,
                    reason: format!("projection index {} is out of bounds", idx),
                })?
                .column_id;
            let inserted = seen.insert(col_id);
            // DataFusion's logical `OptimizeProjections` rule deduplicates pushed-down
            // projection indices via `RequiredIndices::compact()`.
            debug_assert!(
                inserted,
                "projection contains duplicate column id: {}",
                col_id
            );
            // Keep the projection order.
            read_col_ids.push(col_id);
        }

        if projection.is_empty() {
            let time_index = metadata.time_index_column().column_id;
            if seen.insert(time_index) {
                read_col_ids.push(time_index);
            }
        }

        let mut extra_col_names = HashSet::new();
        let mut cols = HashSet::new();

        if let Some(p) = predicate.predicate_without_region() {
            for expr in p.exprs() {
                cols.clear();
                if expr_to_columns(expr, &mut cols).is_err() {
                    continue;
                }
                extra_col_names.extend(cols.iter().map(|col| col.name.clone()));
            }
        }

        if let Some(expr) = predicate.region_partition_expr() {
            expr.collect_column_names(&mut extra_col_names);
        }

        if !extra_col_names.is_empty() {
            for col in &metadata.column_metadatas {
                if extra_col_names.remove(&col.column_schema.name) && !seen.contains(&col.column_id)
                {
                    read_col_ids.push(col.column_id);
                }
            }
            if !extra_col_names.is_empty() {
                warn!(
                    "Some columns in filters are not found in region {}: {:?}",
                    metadata.region_id, extra_col_names
                );
            }
        }
        Ok(read_col_ids)
    }

    /// Builds read columns with nested paths derived from JSON type hints.
    fn read_columns_with_json_type_hint(&self, col_ids: &[ColumnId]) -> ReadColumns {
        let cols = col_ids
            .iter()
            .map(|&col_id| {
                let nested_paths = self
                    .version
                    .metadata
                    .column_by_id(col_id)
                    .and_then(|column| {
                        let col_name = &column.column_schema.name;
                        self.request
                            .json_type_hint
                            .get(col_name)
                            .map(|json_type| json_nested_paths(col_name, json_type))
                    })
                    .unwrap_or_default();
                ReadColumn::new(col_id, nested_paths)
            })
            .collect();
        ReadColumns { cols }
    }

    fn region_id(&self) -> RegionId {
        self.version.metadata.region_id
    }

    /// Build time range predicate from filters.
    fn build_time_range_predicate(&self) -> TimestampRange {
        let time_index = self.version.metadata.time_index_column();
        let unit = time_index
            .column_schema
            .data_type
            .as_timestamp()
            .expect("Time index must have timestamp-compatible type")
            .unit();
        build_time_range_predicate(&time_index.column_schema.name, unit, &self.request.filters)
    }

    /// Partitions filters into two groups: non-field filters and field filters.
    /// Returns `(non_field_filters, field_filters)`.
    fn partition_by_field_filters(&self) -> (Vec<Expr>, Vec<Expr>) {
        let field_columns = self
            .version
            .metadata
            .field_columns()
            .map(|col| &col.column_schema.name)
            .collect::<HashSet<_>>();

        let mut columns = HashSet::new();

        self.request.filters.iter().cloned().partition(|expr| {
            columns.clear();
            // `expr_to_columns` won't return error.
            if expr_to_columns(expr, &mut columns).is_err() {
                // If we can't extract columns, treat it as non-field filter
                return true;
            }
            // Return true for non-field filters (partition puts true cases in first vec)
            !columns
                .iter()
                .any(|column| field_columns.contains(&column.name))
        })
    }

    /// Use the latest schema to build the inverted index applier.
    fn build_invereted_index_applier(&self, filters: &[Expr]) -> Option<InvertedIndexApplierRef> {
        if self.ignore_inverted_index {
            return None;
        }

        let file_cache = self.cache_strategy.write_cache().map(|w| w.file_cache());
        let inverted_index_cache = self.cache_strategy.inverted_index_cache().cloned();

        let puffin_metadata_cache = self.cache_strategy.puffin_metadata_cache().cloned();

        InvertedIndexApplierBuilder::new(
            self.access_layer.table_dir().to_string(),
            self.access_layer.path_type(),
            self.access_layer.object_store().clone(),
            self.version.metadata.as_ref(),
            self.version.metadata.inverted_indexed_column_ids(
                self.version
                    .options
                    .index_options
                    .inverted_index
                    .ignore_column_ids
                    .iter(),
            ),
            self.access_layer.puffin_manager_factory().clone(),
        )
        .with_file_cache(file_cache)
        .with_inverted_index_cache(inverted_index_cache)
        .with_puffin_metadata_cache(puffin_metadata_cache)
        .build(filters)
        .inspect_err(|err| warn!(err; "Failed to build invereted index applier"))
        .ok()
        .flatten()
        .map(Arc::new)
    }

    /// Use the latest schema to build the bloom filter index applier.
    fn build_bloom_filter_applier(&self, filters: &[Expr]) -> Option<BloomFilterIndexApplierRef> {
        if self.ignore_bloom_filter {
            return None;
        }

        let file_cache = self.cache_strategy.write_cache().map(|w| w.file_cache());
        let bloom_filter_index_cache = self.cache_strategy.bloom_filter_index_cache().cloned();
        let puffin_metadata_cache = self.cache_strategy.puffin_metadata_cache().cloned();

        BloomFilterIndexApplierBuilder::new(
            self.access_layer.table_dir().to_string(),
            self.access_layer.path_type(),
            self.access_layer.object_store().clone(),
            self.version.metadata.as_ref(),
            self.access_layer.puffin_manager_factory().clone(),
        )
        .with_file_cache(file_cache)
        .with_bloom_filter_index_cache(bloom_filter_index_cache)
        .with_puffin_metadata_cache(puffin_metadata_cache)
        .build(filters)
        .inspect_err(|err| warn!(err; "Failed to build bloom filter index applier"))
        .ok()
        .flatten()
        .map(Arc::new)
    }

    /// Use the latest schema to build the fulltext index applier.
    fn build_fulltext_index_applier(&self, filters: &[Expr]) -> Option<FulltextIndexApplierRef> {
        if self.ignore_fulltext_index {
            return None;
        }

        let file_cache = self.cache_strategy.write_cache().map(|w| w.file_cache());
        let puffin_metadata_cache = self.cache_strategy.puffin_metadata_cache().cloned();
        let bloom_filter_index_cache = self.cache_strategy.bloom_filter_index_cache().cloned();
        FulltextIndexApplierBuilder::new(
            self.access_layer.table_dir().to_string(),
            self.access_layer.path_type(),
            self.access_layer.object_store().clone(),
            self.access_layer.puffin_manager_factory().clone(),
            self.version.metadata.as_ref(),
        )
        .with_file_cache(file_cache)
        .with_puffin_metadata_cache(puffin_metadata_cache)
        .with_bloom_filter_cache(bloom_filter_index_cache)
        .build(filters)
        .inspect_err(|err| warn!(err; "Failed to build fulltext index applier"))
        .ok()
        .flatten()
        .map(Arc::new)
    }

    /// Build the vector index applier from vector search request.
    #[cfg(feature = "vector_index")]
    fn build_vector_index_applier(&self) -> Option<VectorIndexApplierRef> {
        let vector_search = self.request.vector_search.as_ref()?;

        let file_cache = self.cache_strategy.write_cache().map(|w| w.file_cache());
        let puffin_metadata_cache = self.cache_strategy.puffin_metadata_cache().cloned();
        let vector_index_cache = self.cache_strategy.vector_index_cache().cloned();

        let applier = VectorIndexApplier::new(
            self.access_layer.table_dir().to_string(),
            self.access_layer.path_type(),
            self.access_layer.object_store().clone(),
            self.access_layer.puffin_manager_factory().clone(),
            vector_search.column_id,
            vector_search.query_vector.clone(),
            vector_search.metric,
        )
        .with_file_cache(file_cache)
        .with_puffin_metadata_cache(puffin_metadata_cache)
        .with_vector_index_cache(vector_index_cache);

        Some(Arc::new(applier))
    }
}

/// Returns true if the time range of a SST `file` matches the `predicate`.
fn file_in_range(file: &FileHandle, predicate: &TimestampRange) -> bool {
    if predicate == &TimestampRange::min_to_max() {
        return true;
    }
    // end timestamp of a SST is inclusive.
    let (start, end) = file.time_range();
    let file_ts_range = TimestampRange::new_inclusive(Some(start), Some(end));
    file_ts_range.intersects(predicate)
}

/// Common input for different scanners.
pub struct ScanInput {
    /// Region SST access layer.
    access_layer: AccessLayerRef,
    /// Maps projected Batches to RecordBatches.
    pub(crate) mapper: Arc<FlatProjectionMapper>,
    /// The columns to read from memtables and SSTs.
    /// Notice this is different from the columns in `mapper` which are projected columns.
    /// But this read columns might also include non-projected columns needed for filtering.
    pub(crate) read_cols: ReadColumns,
    /// Time range filter for time index.
    pub(crate) time_range: Option<TimestampRange>,
    /// Predicate to push down.
    pub(crate) predicate: PredicateGroup,
    /// Region partition expr applied at read time.
    region_partition_expr: Option<PartitionExpr>,
    /// Memtable range builders for memtables in the time range..
    pub(crate) memtables: Vec<MemRangeBuilder>,
    /// Handles to SST files to scan.
    pub(crate) files: Vec<FileHandle>,
    /// Scan-wide hint for rows in an execution batch.
    batch_size: usize,
    /// Cache.
    pub(crate) cache_strategy: CacheStrategy,
    /// Ignores file not found error.
    ignore_file_not_found: bool,
    /// Maximum number of SST files to scan concurrently.
    pub(crate) max_concurrent_scan_files: usize,
    /// Index appliers.
    inverted_index_appliers: [Option<InvertedIndexApplierRef>; 2],
    bloom_filter_index_appliers: [Option<BloomFilterIndexApplierRef>; 2],
    fulltext_index_appliers: [Option<FulltextIndexApplierRef>; 2],
    /// Vector index applier for KNN search.
    #[cfg(feature = "vector_index")]
    pub(crate) vector_index_applier: Option<VectorIndexApplierRef>,
    /// Over-fetched k for vector index scan.
    #[cfg(feature = "vector_index")]
    pub(crate) vector_index_k: Option<usize>,
    /// Start time of the query.
    pub(crate) query_start: Option<Instant>,
    /// The region is using append mode.
    pub(crate) append_mode: bool,
    /// Whether to remove deletion markers.
    pub(crate) filter_deleted: bool,
    /// Mode to merge duplicate rows.
    pub(crate) merge_mode: MergeMode,
    /// Hint to select rows from time series.
    pub(crate) series_row_selector: Option<TimeSeriesRowSelector>,
    /// Hint for the required distribution of the scanner.
    pub(crate) distribution: Option<TimeSeriesDistribution>,
    /// Whether the region's configured SST format is flat.
    explain_flat_format: bool,
    /// Snapshot upper bound bound at scan open and propagated back to the caller.
    pub(crate) snapshot_sequence: Option<SequenceNumber>,
    /// Whether this scan is for compaction.
    pub(crate) compaction: bool,
    /// Counters that should receive query-load metrics.
    pub(crate) query_stat_counters: Option<RegionQueryStatCounters>,
    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
    extension_ranges: Vec<BoxedExtensionRange>,
}

impl ScanInput {
    /// Creates a new [ScanInput].
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn new(access_layer: AccessLayerRef, mapper: FlatProjectionMapper) -> ScanInput {
        ScanInput {
            access_layer,
            read_cols: mapper.read_columns().clone(),
            mapper: Arc::new(mapper),
            time_range: None,
            predicate: PredicateGroup::default(),
            region_partition_expr: None,
            memtables: Vec::new(),
            files: Vec::new(),
            batch_size: crate::sst::parquet::DEFAULT_READ_BATCH_SIZE,
            cache_strategy: CacheStrategy::Disabled,
            ignore_file_not_found: false,
            max_concurrent_scan_files: DEFAULT_MAX_CONCURRENT_SCAN_FILES,
            inverted_index_appliers: [None, None],
            bloom_filter_index_appliers: [None, None],
            fulltext_index_appliers: [None, None],
            #[cfg(feature = "vector_index")]
            vector_index_applier: None,
            #[cfg(feature = "vector_index")]
            vector_index_k: None,
            query_start: None,
            append_mode: false,
            filter_deleted: true,
            merge_mode: MergeMode::default(),
            series_row_selector: None,
            distribution: None,
            explain_flat_format: false,
            snapshot_sequence: None,
            compaction: false,
            query_stat_counters: None,
            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
            extension_ranges: Vec::new(),
        }
    }

    /// Sets time range filter for time index.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_time_range(mut self, time_range: Option<TimestampRange>) -> Self {
        self.time_range = time_range;
        self
    }

    /// Sets predicate to push down.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_predicate(mut self, predicate: PredicateGroup) -> Self {
        self.region_partition_expr = predicate.region_partition_expr().cloned();
        self.predicate = predicate;
        self
    }

    /// Sets memtable range builders.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_memtables(mut self, memtables: Vec<MemRangeBuilder>) -> Self {
        self.memtables = memtables;
        self
    }

    /// Sets files to read.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_files(mut self, files: Vec<FileHandle>) -> Self {
        self.files = files;
        self
    }

    /// Returns the scan-wide hint for rows in an execution batch.
    pub(crate) fn batch_size(&self) -> usize {
        self.batch_size
    }

    /// Sets the scan-wide hint for rows in an execution batch.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_batch_size(mut self, batch_size: usize) -> Self {
        self.batch_size = batch_size;
        self
    }

    /// Sets cache for this query.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_cache(mut self, cache: CacheStrategy) -> Self {
        self.cache_strategy = cache;
        self
    }

    /// Ignores file not found error.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_ignore_file_not_found(mut self, ignore: bool) -> Self {
        self.ignore_file_not_found = ignore;
        self
    }

    /// Sets maximum number of SST files to scan concurrently.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_max_concurrent_scan_files(
        mut self,
        max_concurrent_scan_files: usize,
    ) -> Self {
        self.max_concurrent_scan_files = max_concurrent_scan_files;
        self
    }

    /// Sets inverted index appliers.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_inverted_index_appliers(
        mut self,
        appliers: [Option<InvertedIndexApplierRef>; 2],
    ) -> Self {
        self.inverted_index_appliers = appliers;
        self
    }

    /// Sets bloom filter appliers.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_bloom_filter_index_appliers(
        mut self,
        appliers: [Option<BloomFilterIndexApplierRef>; 2],
    ) -> Self {
        self.bloom_filter_index_appliers = appliers;
        self
    }

    /// Sets fulltext index appliers.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_fulltext_index_appliers(
        mut self,
        appliers: [Option<FulltextIndexApplierRef>; 2],
    ) -> Self {
        self.fulltext_index_appliers = appliers;
        self
    }

    /// Sets vector index applier for KNN search.
    #[cfg(feature = "vector_index")]
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_vector_index_applier(
        mut self,
        applier: Option<VectorIndexApplierRef>,
    ) -> Self {
        self.vector_index_applier = applier;
        self
    }

    /// Sets over-fetched k for vector index scan.
    #[cfg(feature = "vector_index")]
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_vector_index_k(mut self, k: Option<usize>) -> Self {
        self.vector_index_k = k;
        self
    }

    /// Sets start time of the query.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_start_time(mut self, now: Option<Instant>) -> Self {
        self.query_start = now;
        self
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_append_mode(mut self, is_append_mode: bool) -> Self {
        self.append_mode = is_append_mode;
        self
    }

    pub(crate) fn with_query_stat_counters(
        mut self,
        counters: Option<RegionQueryStatCounters>,
    ) -> Self {
        self.query_stat_counters = counters;
        self
    }

    /// Sets whether to remove deletion markers during scan.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_filter_deleted(mut self, filter_deleted: bool) -> Self {
        self.filter_deleted = filter_deleted;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the merge mode.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_merge_mode(mut self, merge_mode: MergeMode) -> Self {
        self.merge_mode = merge_mode;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the distribution hint.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_distribution(
        mut self,
        distribution: Option<TimeSeriesDistribution>,
    ) -> Self {
        self.distribution = distribution;
        self
    }

    /// Sets whether the region's configured SST format is flat for explain output.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_explain_flat_format(mut self, explain_flat_format: bool) -> Self {
        self.explain_flat_format = explain_flat_format;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the time series row selector.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_series_row_selector(
        mut self,
        series_row_selector: Option<TimeSeriesRowSelector>,
    ) -> Self {
        self.series_row_selector = series_row_selector;
        self
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_snapshot_sequence(
        mut self,
        snapshot_sequence: Option<SequenceNumber>,
    ) -> Self {
        self.snapshot_sequence = snapshot_sequence;
        self
    }

    /// Sets whether this scan is for compaction.
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_compaction(mut self, compaction: bool) -> Self {
        self.compaction = compaction;
        self
    }

    /// Builds memtable ranges to scan by `index`.
    pub(crate) fn build_mem_ranges(&self, index: RowGroupIndex) -> SmallVec<[MemtableRange; 2]> {
        let memtable = &self.memtables[index.index];
        let mut ranges = SmallVec::new();
        memtable.build_ranges(index.row_group_index, &mut ranges);
        ranges
    }

    pub(crate) fn predicate_for_file(&self, file: &FileHandle) -> Option<Predicate> {
        if self.should_skip_region_partition(file) {
            self.predicate.predicate_without_region().cloned()
        } else {
            self.predicate.predicate().cloned()
        }
    }

    fn should_skip_region_partition(&self, file: &FileHandle) -> bool {
        match (
            self.region_partition_expr.as_ref(),
            file.meta_ref().partition_expr.as_ref(),
        ) {
            (Some(region_expr), Some(file_expr)) => region_expr == file_expr,
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    /// Tries to build file-level pruning statistics using only the [FileHandle]'s manifest-level
    /// time range, without reading any parquet metadata.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if timestamp unit conversion overflows (conservative: keep the file).
    fn try_file_level_pruning_stats(&self, file: &FileHandle) -> Option<FileLevelPruningStats> {
        let (ts_min, ts_max) = file.time_range();
        let time_index = self.mapper.metadata().time_index_column();
        let time_index_unit = time_index.column_schema.data_type.as_timestamp()?.unit();

        // Convert file timestamps to the time index column's unit. Use `convert_to_ceil` for
        // the upper bound to avoid accidentally shrinking the manifest range.
        let min_ts = ts_min.convert_to(time_index_unit)?;
        let max_ts = ts_max.convert_to_ceil(time_index_unit)?;

        Some(FileLevelPruningStats {
            min_scalar: timestamp_to_scalar_value(time_index_unit, Some(min_ts.value())),
            max_scalar: timestamp_to_scalar_value(time_index_unit, Some(max_ts.value())),
            time_index_col_name: time_index.column_schema.name.clone(),
        })
    }

    /// Checks whether a file can be definitively pruned using only its manifest-level
    /// time range and the current predicate, without reading any parquet metadata.
    ///
    /// Returns `true` if [PruningStatistics] proves the file cannot contain matching rows.
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn can_manifest_prune_file(&self, file: &FileHandle) -> bool {
        let predicate = self.predicate_for_file(file);
        self.manifest_prunes_file(file, predicate.as_ref())
    }

    fn manifest_prunes_file(&self, file: &FileHandle, predicate: Option<&Predicate>) -> bool {
        if let Some(pred) = predicate
            && !pred.is_empty()
            && let Some(file_level_stats) = self.try_file_level_pruning_stats(file)
        {
            let pruning_results = pred.prune_with_stats(
                &file_level_stats,
                self.mapper.metadata().schema.arrow_schema(),
            );
            pruning_results.first() == Some(&false)
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    /// Prunes a file to scan and returns the builder to build readers.
    ///
    /// This is the public entry point used by direct tests and non-pruner callers.
    /// It performs its own manifest-level pruning check internally.
    #[tracing::instrument(
        skip_all,
        fields(
            region_id = %self.region_metadata().region_id,
            file_id = %file.file_id()
        )
    )]
    pub async fn prune_file(
        &self,
        file: &FileHandle,
        pre_filter_mode: PreFilterMode,
        reader_metrics: &mut ReaderMetrics,
    ) -> Result<FileRangeBuilder> {
        let predicate = self.predicate_for_file(file);

        // Early file-level pruning using manifest time range before any parquet metadata access.
        if self.manifest_prunes_file(file, predicate.as_ref()) {
            reader_metrics.filter_metrics.files_time_range_pruned += 1;
            return Ok(FileRangeBuilder::default());
        }

        self.prune_file_after_manifest_check(file, pre_filter_mode, predicate, reader_metrics)
            .await
    }

    /// Second half of `prune_file` — performs the actual parquet metadata /
    /// reader setup. Callers that already performed manifest-level pruning
    /// (e.g. the `Pruner` via its shared `manifest_pruned_files` cache) should
    /// call this directly to avoid a redundant manifest check.
    ///
    /// `predicate` is the result of `self.predicate_for_file(file)` computed
    /// externally so the caller can reuse it if needed.
    pub(crate) async fn prune_file_after_manifest_check(
        &self,
        file: &FileHandle,
        pre_filter_mode: PreFilterMode,
        predicate: Option<Predicate>,
        reader_metrics: &mut ReaderMetrics,
    ) -> Result<FileRangeBuilder> {
        let may_build_selective_row_selection = predicate.is_some();
        let decode_pk_values = !self.compaction
            && self
                .mapper
                .read_columns()
                .column_ids_iter()
                .any(|column_id| self.mapper.metadata().primary_key.contains(&column_id));
        let reader = self
            .access_layer
            .read_sst(file.clone())
            .predicate(predicate)
            .projection(Some(self.read_cols.clone()))
            .cache(self.cache_strategy.clone())
            .inverted_index_appliers(self.inverted_index_appliers.clone())
            .bloom_filter_index_appliers(self.bloom_filter_index_appliers.clone())
            .fulltext_index_appliers(self.fulltext_index_appliers.clone());
        let reader = reader.batch_size(self.batch_size);
        let reader = if !self.compaction && may_build_selective_row_selection {
            reader.deferred_optional_page_index()
        } else {
            reader
        };
        #[cfg(feature = "vector_index")]
        let reader = {
            let mut reader = reader;
            reader =
                reader.vector_index_applier(self.vector_index_applier.clone(), self.vector_index_k);
            reader
        };
        let res = reader
            .expected_metadata(Some(self.mapper.metadata().clone()))
            .compaction(self.compaction)
            .pre_filter_mode(pre_filter_mode)
            .decode_primary_key_values(decode_pk_values)
            .build_reader_input(reader_metrics)
            .await;
        let read_input = match res {
            Ok(x) => x,
            Err(e) => {
                if e.is_object_not_found() && self.ignore_file_not_found {
                    error!(e; "File to scan does not exist, region_id: {}, file: {}", file.region_id(), file.file_id());
                    return Ok(FileRangeBuilder::default());
                } else {
                    return Err(e);
                }
            }
        };

        let Some((mut file_range_ctx, selection)) = read_input else {
            return Ok(FileRangeBuilder::default());
        };

        let need_compat = !compat::has_same_columns_and_pk_encoding(
            &self.mapper,
            file_range_ctx.read_format(),
            self.compaction,
        );
        if need_compat {
            // They have different schema. We need to adapt the batch first so the
            // mapper can convert it.
            let compat = FlatCompatBatch::try_new(
                &self.mapper,
                file_range_ctx.read_format(),
                self.compaction,
            )?;
            file_range_ctx.set_compat_batch(compat);
        }
        Ok(FileRangeBuilder::new(Arc::new(file_range_ctx), selection))
    }

    /// Scans flat sources (RecordBatch streams) in parallel.
    ///
    /// # Panics if the input doesn't allow parallel scan.
    #[tracing::instrument(
        skip(self, sources, semaphore),
        fields(
            region_id = %self.region_metadata().region_id,
            source_count = sources.len()
        )
    )]
    pub(crate) fn create_parallel_flat_sources(
        &self,
        sources: Vec<BoxedRecordBatchStream>,
        semaphore: Arc<Semaphore>,
        channel_size: usize,
    ) -> Result<Vec<BoxedRecordBatchStream>> {
        if sources.len() <= 1 {
            return Ok(sources);
        }

        // Spawn a task for each source.
        let sources = sources
            .into_iter()
            .map(|source| {
                let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel(channel_size);
                self.spawn_flat_scan_task(source, semaphore.clone(), sender);
                let stream = Box::pin(ReceiverStream::new(receiver));
                Box::pin(stream) as _
            })
            .collect();
        Ok(sources)
    }

    /// Spawns a task to scan a flat source (RecordBatch stream) asynchronously.
    #[tracing::instrument(
        skip(self, input, semaphore, sender),
        fields(region_id = %self.region_metadata().region_id)
    )]
    pub(crate) fn spawn_flat_scan_task(
        &self,
        mut input: BoxedRecordBatchStream,
        semaphore: Arc<Semaphore>,
        sender: mpsc::Sender<Result<RecordBatch>>,
    ) {
        let region_id = self.region_metadata().region_id;
        let span = tracing::info_span!(
            "ScanInput::parallel_scan_task",
            region_id = %region_id,
            stream_kind = "flat"
        );
        common_runtime::spawn_query(
            async move {
                loop {
                    // We release the permit before sending result to avoid the task waiting on
                    // the channel with the permit held.
                    let maybe_batch = {
                        // Safety: We never close the semaphore.
                        let _permit = semaphore.acquire().await.unwrap();
                        input.next().await
                    };
                    match maybe_batch {
                        Some(Ok(batch)) => {
                            let _ = sender.send(Ok(batch)).await;
                        }
                        Some(Err(e)) => {
                            let _ = sender.send(Err(e)).await;
                            break;
                        }
                        None => break,
                    }
                }
            }
            .instrument(span),
        );
    }

    pub(crate) fn total_rows(&self) -> usize {
        let rows_in_files: usize = self.files.iter().map(|f| f.num_rows()).sum();
        let rows_in_memtables: usize = self.memtables.iter().map(|m| m.stats().num_rows()).sum();

        let rows = rows_in_files + rows_in_memtables;
        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
        let rows = rows
            + self
                .extension_ranges
                .iter()
                .map(|x| x.num_rows())
                .sum::<u64>() as usize;
        rows
    }

    pub(crate) fn predicate_group(&self) -> &PredicateGroup {
        &self.predicate
    }

    /// Returns number of memtables to scan.
    pub(crate) fn num_memtables(&self) -> usize {
        self.memtables.len()
    }

    /// Returns number of SST files to scan.
    pub(crate) fn num_files(&self) -> usize {
        self.files.len()
    }

    /// Gets the file handle from a row group index.
    pub(crate) fn file_from_index(&self, index: RowGroupIndex) -> &FileHandle {
        let file_index = index.index - self.num_memtables();
        &self.files[file_index]
    }

    pub fn region_metadata(&self) -> &RegionMetadataRef {
        self.mapper.metadata()
    }

    fn range_pre_filter_mode(&self, source_count: usize) -> PreFilterMode {
        if source_count <= 1 {
            // Duplicated rows in the same source is not a normal case and we don't provide
            // strict dedup semantic (last_row/last_non_null) for it. We expect the duplicated rows
            // are exactly identical in the same source so we use PreFilterMode::All for
            // performance reason.
            return PreFilterMode::All;
        }

        pre_filter_mode(self.append_mode, self.merge_mode)
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
impl ScanInput {
    #[must_use]
    pub(crate) fn with_extension_ranges(self, extension_ranges: Vec<BoxedExtensionRange>) -> Self {
        Self {
            extension_ranges,
            ..self
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
    pub(crate) fn extension_ranges(&self) -> &[BoxedExtensionRange] {
        &self.extension_ranges
    }

    /// Get a boxed [ExtensionRange] by the index in all ranges.
    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
    pub(crate) fn extension_range(&self, i: usize) -> &BoxedExtensionRange {
        &self.extension_ranges[i - self.num_memtables() - self.num_files()]
    }
}

/// Lightweight [PruningStatistics] that only uses the file-level time range from manifest
/// metadata, avoiding any parquet metadata reads. Used for early file-level pruning before
/// accessing row-group-level statistics.
pub(crate) struct FileLevelPruningStats {
    /// Scalar value for the file's minimum timestamp in the time index column's unit.
    pub(crate) min_scalar: ScalarValue,
    /// Scalar value for the file's maximum timestamp in the time index column's unit.
    pub(crate) max_scalar: ScalarValue,
    /// Name of the time index column.
    pub(crate) time_index_col_name: String,
}

impl PruningStatistics for FileLevelPruningStats {
    fn min_values(&self, column: &Column) -> Option<ArrayRef> {
        if column.name == self.time_index_col_name {
            ScalarValue::iter_to_array(std::iter::once(self.min_scalar.clone())).ok()
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    fn max_values(&self, column: &Column) -> Option<ArrayRef> {
        if column.name == self.time_index_col_name {
            ScalarValue::iter_to_array(std::iter::once(self.max_scalar.clone())).ok()
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    fn num_containers(&self) -> usize {
        1
    }

    fn null_counts(&self, column: &Column) -> Option<ArrayRef> {
        if column.name == self.time_index_col_name {
            // The time index column is NOT NULL.
            Some(Arc::new(UInt64Array::from(vec![0u64])))
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    fn row_counts(&self, _column: &Column) -> Option<ArrayRef> {
        None
    }

    fn contained(&self, _column: &Column, _values: &HashSet<ScalarValue>) -> Option<BooleanArray> {
        None
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
impl ScanInput {
    /// Returns SST file ids to scan.
    pub(crate) fn file_ids(&self) -> Vec<crate::sst::file::RegionFileId> {
        self.files.iter().map(|file| file.file_id()).collect()
    }

    pub(crate) fn index_ids(&self) -> Vec<crate::sst::file::RegionIndexId> {
        self.files.iter().map(|file| file.index_id()).collect()
    }
}

fn pre_filter_mode(append_mode: bool, merge_mode: MergeMode) -> PreFilterMode {
    if append_mode {
        return PreFilterMode::All;
    }

    match merge_mode {
        MergeMode::LastRow => PreFilterMode::SkipFields,
        MergeMode::LastNonNull => PreFilterMode::SkipFields,
    }
}

fn json_nested_paths(column_name: &str, json_type: &JsonNativeType) -> Vec<NestedPath> {
    let mut paths = Vec::new();
    let mut current = vec![column_name.to_string()];
    collect_json_nested_paths(json_type, &mut current, &mut paths);
    paths
}

fn collect_json_nested_paths(
    json_type: &JsonNativeType,
    current: &mut NestedPath,
    paths: &mut Vec<NestedPath>,
) {
    match json_type {
        JsonNativeType::Object(fields) if !fields.is_empty() => {
            for (field, child) in fields {
                current.push(field.clone());
                collect_json_nested_paths(child, current, paths);
                current.pop();
            }
        }
        _ => paths.push(current.clone()),
    }
}

/// Output of [build_scan_fingerprint]: the cache fingerprint plus the derived
/// implied time range used to decide whether the cache key can drop the time
/// predicates for a given partition (see `build_range_cache_key`).
pub(crate) struct ScanFingerprintBundle {
    pub(crate) fingerprint: ScanRequestFingerprint,
    /// `Some(r)` = all time-only predicates are guaranteed true on `r` (in the
    /// column's `TimeUnit`).
    /// `None`    = at least one time-only predicate could not be proven (e.g.
    /// `OR`), so the cache-key optimization is disabled for this scan.
    pub(crate) implied_time_range: Option<TimestampRange>,
}

/// Builds a [ScanFingerprintBundle] from a [ScanInput] if the scan is eligible
/// for partition range caching.
pub(crate) fn build_scan_fingerprint(input: &ScanInput) -> Option<ScanFingerprintBundle> {
    let eligible = !input.compaction
        && !input.files.is_empty()
        && matches!(input.cache_strategy, CacheStrategy::EnableAll(_));

    if !eligible {
        return None;
    }

    let metadata = input.region_metadata();
    let tag_names: HashSet<&str> = metadata
        .column_metadatas
        .iter()
        .filter(|col| col.semantic_type == SemanticType::Tag)
        .map(|col| col.column_schema.name.as_str())
        .collect();

    let time_index = metadata.time_index_column();
    let time_index_name = time_index.column_schema.name.clone();
    let ts_col_unit = time_index
        .column_schema
        .data_type
        .as_timestamp()
        .expect("Time index must have timestamp-compatible type")
        .unit();

    let exprs = input
        .predicate_group()
        .predicate_without_region()
        .map(|predicate| predicate.exprs())
        .unwrap_or_default();

    let mut filters = Vec::new();
    let mut time_only_exprs: Vec<&Expr> = Vec::new();
    let mut has_tag_filter = false;
    let mut columns = HashSet::new();

    for expr in exprs {
        columns.clear();
        let is_time_only = match expr_to_columns(expr, &mut columns) {
            Ok(()) if !columns.is_empty() => {
                has_tag_filter |= columns
                    .iter()
                    .any(|col| tag_names.contains(col.name.as_str()));
                columns.iter().all(|col| col.name == time_index_name)
            }
            _ => false,
        };

        // Route time-only exprs that the legacy extractor recognizes into
        // `time_only_exprs` so the implication walker
        // (`implied_time_range_from_exprs`, called below) can attempt to drop
        // them from the cache key when the partition's `FileTimeRange` is fully
        // covered, then stringify them into the fingerprint's `time_filters`
        // bucket. Time-only exprs that the extractor doesn't recognize stay in
        // `filters` and never get stripped — conservatively correct.
        if is_time_only
            && extract_time_range_from_expr(&time_index_name, ts_col_unit, expr).is_some()
        {
            time_only_exprs.push(expr);
        } else {
            filters.push(expr.to_string());
        }
    }

    if !has_tag_filter {
        // We only cache requests that have tag filters to avoid caching all series.
        return None;
    }

    let implied_time_range =
        implied_time_range_from_exprs(&time_index_name, ts_col_unit, &time_only_exprs);
    let mut time_filters: Vec<String> = time_only_exprs.iter().map(|e| e.to_string()).collect();

    // Ensure the filters are sorted for consistent fingerprinting.
    filters.sort_unstable();
    time_filters.sort_unstable();
    let read_columns = input.read_cols.clone();
    let fingerprint = crate::read::range_cache::ScanRequestFingerprintBuilder {
        read_column_types: read_columns
            .column_ids_iter()
            .map(|id| {
                metadata
                    .column_by_id(id)
                    .map(|col| col.column_schema.data_type.clone())
            })
            .collect(),
        read_columns,
        filters,
        time_filters,
        series_row_selector: input.series_row_selector,
        append_mode: input.append_mode,
        filter_deleted: input.filter_deleted,
        merge_mode: input.merge_mode,
        partition_expr_version: metadata.partition_expr_version,
    }
    .build();

    Some(ScanFingerprintBundle {
        fingerprint,
        implied_time_range,
    })
}

/// Context shared by different streams from a scanner.
/// It contains the input and ranges to scan.
pub struct StreamContext {
    /// Input memtables and files.
    pub input: ScanInput,
    /// Metadata for partition ranges.
    pub(crate) ranges: Vec<RangeMeta>,
    /// Precomputed scan fingerprint for partition range caching.
    /// `None` when the scan is not eligible for caching.
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    pub(crate) scan_fingerprint: Option<ScanRequestFingerprint>,
    /// Implied range of every time-only predicate, in the time index column's
    /// `TimeUnit`. Used by `build_range_cache_key` to decide whether the
    /// partition's `FileTimeRange` is fully covered (allowing `time_filters`
    /// to be stripped from the cache key). `None` when caching is ineligible
    /// or when the implication walker bailed on an unsupported shape (e.g.
    /// `OR`).
    pub(crate) scan_implied_time_range: Option<TimestampRange>,

    // Metrics:
    /// The start time of the query.
    pub(crate) query_start: Instant,
}

impl StreamContext {
    /// Creates a new [StreamContext] for [SeqScan].
    pub(crate) fn seq_scan_ctx(input: ScanInput) -> Self {
        let query_start = input.query_start.unwrap_or_else(Instant::now);
        let ranges = RangeMeta::seq_scan_ranges(&input);
        READ_SST_COUNT.observe(input.num_files() as f64);
        let (scan_fingerprint, scan_implied_time_range) = match build_scan_fingerprint(&input) {
            Some(b) => (Some(b.fingerprint), b.implied_time_range),
            None => (None, None),
        };

        Self {
            input,
            ranges,
            scan_fingerprint,
            scan_implied_time_range,
            query_start,
        }
    }

    /// Creates a new [StreamContext] for [UnorderedScan].
    pub(crate) fn unordered_scan_ctx(input: ScanInput) -> Self {
        let query_start = input.query_start.unwrap_or_else(Instant::now);
        let ranges = RangeMeta::unordered_scan_ranges(&input);
        READ_SST_COUNT.observe(input.num_files() as f64);
        let (scan_fingerprint, scan_implied_time_range) = match build_scan_fingerprint(&input) {
            Some(b) => (Some(b.fingerprint), b.implied_time_range),
            None => (None, None),
        };

        Self {
            input,
            ranges,
            scan_fingerprint,
            scan_implied_time_range,
            query_start,
        }
    }

    /// Returns true if the index refers to a memtable.
    pub(crate) fn is_mem_range_index(&self, index: RowGroupIndex) -> bool {
        self.input.num_memtables() > index.index
    }

    pub(crate) fn is_file_range_index(&self, index: RowGroupIndex) -> bool {
        !self.is_mem_range_index(index)
            && index.index < self.input.num_files() + self.input.num_memtables()
    }

    pub(crate) fn range_pre_filter_mode(&self, part_range: &PartitionRange) -> PreFilterMode {
        let range_meta = &self.ranges[part_range.identifier];
        let source_count = range_meta.indices.len();

        self.input.range_pre_filter_mode(source_count)
    }

    /// Retrieves the partition ranges.
    pub(crate) fn partition_ranges(&self) -> Vec<PartitionRange> {
        self.ranges
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(idx, range_meta)| range_meta.new_partition_range(idx))
            .collect()
    }

    /// Format the context for explain.
    pub(crate) fn format_for_explain(&self, verbose: bool, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        let (mut num_mem_ranges, mut num_file_ranges, mut num_other_ranges) = (0, 0, 0);
        for range_meta in &self.ranges {
            for idx in &range_meta.row_group_indices {
                if self.is_mem_range_index(*idx) {
                    num_mem_ranges += 1;
                } else if self.is_file_range_index(*idx) {
                    num_file_ranges += 1;
                } else {
                    num_other_ranges += 1;
                }
            }
        }
        if verbose {
            write!(f, "{{")?;
        }
        write!(
            f,
            r#""partition_count":{{"count":{}, "mem_ranges":{}, "files":{}, "file_ranges":{}"#,
            self.ranges.len(),
            num_mem_ranges,
            self.input.num_files(),
            num_file_ranges,
        )?;
        if num_other_ranges > 0 {
            write!(f, r#", "other_ranges":{}"#, num_other_ranges)?;
        }
        write!(f, "}}")?;

        if let Some(selector) = &self.input.series_row_selector {
            write!(f, ", \"selector\":\"{}\"", selector)?;
        }
        if let Some(distribution) = &self.input.distribution {
            write!(f, ", \"distribution\":\"{}\"", distribution)?;
        }

        if verbose {
            self.format_verbose_content(f)?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn format_verbose_content(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        struct FileWrapper<'a> {
            file: &'a FileHandle,
        }

        impl fmt::Debug for FileWrapper<'_> {
            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
                let (start, end) = self.file.time_range();
                write!(
                    f,
                    r#"{{"file_id":"{}","time_range_start":"{}::{}","time_range_end":"{}::{}","rows":{},"size":{},"index_size":{}}}"#,
                    self.file.file_id(),
                    start.value(),
                    start.unit(),
                    end.value(),
                    end.unit(),
                    self.file.num_rows(),
                    self.file.size(),
                    self.file.index_size()
                )
            }
        }

        struct InputWrapper<'a> {
            input: &'a ScanInput,
        }

        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
        impl InputWrapper<'_> {
            fn format_extension_ranges(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
                if self.input.extension_ranges.is_empty() {
                    return Ok(());
                }

                let mut delimiter = "";
                write!(f, ", extension_ranges: [")?;
                for range in self.input.extension_ranges() {
                    write!(f, "{}{:?}", delimiter, range)?;
                    delimiter = ", ";
                }
                write!(f, "]")?;
                Ok(())
            }
        }

        impl fmt::Debug for InputWrapper<'_> {
            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
                let output_schema = self.input.mapper.output_schema();
                if !output_schema.is_empty() {
                    let names: Vec<_> = output_schema
                        .column_schemas()
                        .iter()
                        .map(|col| &col.name)
                        .collect();
                    write!(f, ", \"projection\": {:?}", names)?;
                }
                if let Some(predicate) = &self.input.predicate.predicate() {
                    if !predicate.exprs().is_empty() {
                        let exprs: Vec<_> =
                            predicate.exprs().iter().map(|e| e.to_string()).collect();
                        write!(f, ", \"filters\": {:?}", exprs)?;
                    }
                    if !predicate.dyn_filters().is_empty() {
                        let dyn_filters: Vec<_> = predicate
                            .dyn_filters()
                            .iter()
                            .map(|f| format!("{}", f))
                            .collect();
                        write!(f, ", \"dyn_filters\": {:?}", dyn_filters)?;
                    }
                }
                #[cfg(feature = "vector_index")]
                if let Some(vector_index_k) = self.input.vector_index_k {
                    write!(f, ", \"vector_index_k\": {}", vector_index_k)?;
                }
                if !self.input.files.is_empty() {
                    write!(f, ", \"files\": ")?;
                    f.debug_list()
                        .entries(self.input.files.iter().map(|file| FileWrapper { file }))
                        .finish()?;
                }
                write!(f, ", \"flat_format\": {}", self.input.explain_flat_format)?;
                #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
                self.format_extension_ranges(f)?;

                Ok(())
            }
        }

        write!(f, "{:?}", InputWrapper { input: &self.input })
    }

    /// Add new dynamic filters to the predicates.
    /// Safe after stream creation; in-flight reads may still observe an older snapshot.
    pub(crate) fn add_dyn_filter_to_predicate(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        filter_exprs: Vec<Arc<dyn datafusion::physical_plan::PhysicalExpr>>,
    ) -> Vec<bool> {
        let mut supported = Vec::with_capacity(filter_exprs.len());
        let filter_expr = filter_exprs
            .into_iter()
            .filter_map(|expr| {
                if let Ok(dyn_filter) = (expr as Arc<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync + 'static>)
                .downcast::<datafusion::physical_plan::expressions::DynamicFilterPhysicalExpr>()
            {
                supported.push(true);
                Some(dyn_filter)
            } else {
                supported.push(false);
                None
            }
            })
            .collect();
        self.input.predicate.add_dyn_filters(filter_expr);
        supported
    }
}

/// Predicates to evaluate.
/// It only keeps filters that [SimpleFilterEvaluator] supports.
#[derive(Clone, Default)]
pub struct PredicateGroup {
    time_filters: Option<Arc<Vec<SimpleFilterEvaluator>>>,
    /// Predicate that includes request filters and region partition expr (if any).
    predicate_all: Predicate,
    /// Predicate that only includes request filters.
    predicate_without_region: Predicate,
    /// Region partition expression restored from metadata.
    region_partition_expr: Option<PartitionExpr>,
}

impl PredicateGroup {
    /// Creates a new `PredicateGroup` from exprs according to the metadata.
    pub fn new(metadata: &RegionMetadata, exprs: &[Expr]) -> Result<Self> {
        let mut combined_exprs = exprs.to_vec();
        let mut region_partition_expr = None;

        if let Some(expr_json) = metadata.partition_expr.as_ref()
            && !expr_json.is_empty()
            && let Some(expr) = PartitionExpr::from_json_str(expr_json)
                .context(InvalidPartitionExprSnafu { expr: expr_json })?
        {
            let logical_expr = expr
                .try_as_logical_expr()
                .context(InvalidPartitionExprSnafu {
                    expr: expr_json.clone(),
                })?;

            combined_exprs.push(logical_expr);
            region_partition_expr = Some(expr);
        }

        let mut time_filters = Vec::with_capacity(combined_exprs.len());
        // Columns in the expr.
        let mut columns = HashSet::new();
        for expr in &combined_exprs {
            columns.clear();
            let Some(filter) = Self::expr_to_filter(expr, metadata, &mut columns) else {
                continue;
            };
            time_filters.push(filter);
        }
        let time_filters = if time_filters.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
            Some(Arc::new(time_filters))
        };

        let predicate_all = Predicate::new(combined_exprs);
        let predicate_without_region = Predicate::new(exprs.to_vec());

        Ok(Self {
            time_filters,
            predicate_all,
            predicate_without_region,
            region_partition_expr,
        })
    }

    /// Returns time filters.
    pub(crate) fn time_filters(&self) -> Option<Arc<Vec<SimpleFilterEvaluator>>> {
        self.time_filters.clone()
    }

    /// Returns predicate of all exprs (including region partition expr if present).
    pub(crate) fn predicate(&self) -> Option<&Predicate> {
        if self.predicate_all.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
            Some(&self.predicate_all)
        }
    }

    /// Returns predicate that excludes region partition expr.
    pub(crate) fn predicate_without_region(&self) -> Option<&Predicate> {
        if self.predicate_without_region.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
            Some(&self.predicate_without_region)
        }
    }

    /// Add dynamic filters in the predicates.
    pub(crate) fn add_dyn_filters(&self, dyn_filters: Vec<Arc<DynamicFilterPhysicalExpr>>) {
        self.predicate_all.add_dyn_filters(dyn_filters.clone());
        self.predicate_without_region.add_dyn_filters(dyn_filters);
    }

    /// Returns the region partition expr from metadata, if any.
    pub(crate) fn region_partition_expr(&self) -> Option<&PartitionExpr> {
        self.region_partition_expr.as_ref()
    }

    fn expr_to_filter(
        expr: &Expr,
        metadata: &RegionMetadata,
        columns: &mut HashSet<Column>,
    ) -> Option<SimpleFilterEvaluator> {
        columns.clear();
        // `expr_to_columns` won't return error.
        // We still ignore these expressions for safety.
        expr_to_columns(expr, columns).ok()?;
        if columns.len() > 1 {
            // Simple filter doesn't support multiple columns.
            return None;
        }
        let column = columns.iter().next()?;
        let column_meta = metadata.column_by_name(&column.name)?;
        if column_meta.semantic_type == SemanticType::Timestamp {
            SimpleFilterEvaluator::try_new(expr)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use std::sync::Arc;

    use common_time::timestamp::{TimeUnit, Timestamp};
    use datafusion::physical_plan::expressions::{
        binary as physical_binary, col as physical_col, lit as physical_lit,
    };
    use datafusion_common::ScalarValue;
    use datafusion_expr::{Operator, col, lit};
    use datatypes::arrow::datatypes::{
        DataType as ArrowDataType, Field, Schema as ArrowSchema, TimeUnit as ArrowTimeUnit,
    };
    use datatypes::prelude::ConcreteDataType;
    use datatypes::schema::ColumnSchema;
    use datatypes::types::json_type::JsonObjectType;
    use datatypes::value::Value;
    use partition::expr::col as partition_col;
    use store_api::metadata::{ColumnMetadata, RegionMetadataBuilder};
    use store_api::storage::{RegionId, TimeSeriesDistribution, TimeSeriesRowSelector};

    use super::*;
    use crate::cache::CacheManager;
    use crate::read::range_cache::ScanRequestFingerprintBuilder;
    use crate::sst::file::FileMeta;
    use crate::test_util::memtable_util::metadata_with_primary_key;
    use crate::test_util::scheduler_util::SchedulerEnv;

    async fn new_scan_input(metadata: RegionMetadataRef, filters: Vec<Expr>) -> ScanInput {
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await;
        let mapper = FlatProjectionMapper::new(&metadata, [0, 2, 3]).unwrap();
        let predicate = PredicateGroup::new(metadata.as_ref(), &filters).unwrap();
        let file = FileHandle::new(
            crate::sst::file::FileMeta::default(),
            Arc::new(crate::sst::file_purger::NoopFilePurger),
        );

        ScanInput::new(env.access_layer.clone(), mapper)
            .with_predicate(predicate)
            .with_cache(CacheStrategy::EnableAll(Arc::new(
                CacheManager::builder()
                    .range_result_cache_size(1024)
                    .build(),
            )))
            .with_files(vec![file])
    }

    /// Helper to create a timestamp millisecond literal.
    fn ts_lit(val: i64) -> datafusion_expr::Expr {
        lit(ScalarValue::TimestampMillisecond(Some(val), None))
    }

    fn metadata_with_time_index_unit(unit: TimeUnit) -> RegionMetadataRef {
        let mut builder = RegionMetadataBuilder::new(RegionId::new(123, 456));
        builder
            .push_column_metadata(ColumnMetadata {
                column_schema: ColumnSchema::new(
                    "k0".to_string(),
                    ConcreteDataType::string_datatype(),
                    false,
                ),
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Tag,
                column_id: 0,
            })
            .push_column_metadata(ColumnMetadata {
                column_schema: ColumnSchema::new(
                    "k1".to_string(),
                    ConcreteDataType::uint32_datatype(),
                    false,
                ),
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Tag,
                column_id: 1,
            })
            .push_column_metadata(ColumnMetadata {
                column_schema: ColumnSchema::new(
                    "ts".to_string(),
                    ConcreteDataType::timestamp_datatype(unit),
                    false,
                ),
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Timestamp,
                column_id: 2,
            })
            .push_column_metadata(ColumnMetadata {
                column_schema: ColumnSchema::new(
                    "v0".to_string(),
                    ConcreteDataType::int64_datatype(),
                    true,
                ),
                semantic_type: SemanticType::Field,
                column_id: 3,
            })
            .primary_key(vec![0, 1]);

        Arc::new(builder.build().unwrap())
    }

    fn file_handle_with_time_range(start: Timestamp, end: Timestamp) -> FileHandle {
        FileHandle::new(
            FileMeta {
                time_range: (start, end),
                ..Default::default()
            },
            Arc::new(crate::sst::file_purger::NoopFilePurger),
        )
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_scan_input_uses_explicit_batch_size() {
        let metadata = Arc::new(metadata_with_primary_key(vec![0, 1], false));
        let mapper = FlatProjectionMapper::new(&metadata, [0, 2, 3]).unwrap();
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await;
        let input = ScanInput::new(env.access_layer.clone(), mapper);
        assert_eq!(
            crate::sst::parquet::DEFAULT_READ_BATCH_SIZE,
            input.batch_size()
        );

        let mapper = FlatProjectionMapper::new(&metadata, [0, 2, 3]).unwrap();
        let input = ScanInput::new(env.access_layer.clone(), mapper)
            .with_compaction(true)
            .with_batch_size(256);
        assert_eq!(256, input.batch_size());

        let mapper = FlatProjectionMapper::new(&metadata, [0, 2, 3]).unwrap();
        let input = ScanInput::new(env.access_layer.clone(), mapper)
            .with_batch_size(256)
            .with_compaction(true)
            .with_compaction(false);
        assert_eq!(256, input.batch_size());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_fill_json_nested_paths_from_hint() -> Result<()> {
        let hint = JsonNativeType::Object(JsonObjectType::from([
            ("a".to_string(), JsonNativeType::i64()),
            (
                "b".to_string(),
                JsonNativeType::Object(JsonObjectType::from([(
                    "c".to_string(),
                    JsonNativeType::String,
                )])),
            ),
        ]));

        fn nested_path(parts: &[&str]) -> NestedPath {
            parts.iter().map(|part| part.to_string()).collect()
        }

        assert_eq!(
            json_nested_paths("j", &hint),
            vec![nested_path(&["j", "a"]), nested_path(&["j", "b", "c"])]
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_build_scan_fingerprint_for_eligible_scan() {
        let metadata = Arc::new(metadata_with_primary_key(vec![0, 1], false));
        let input = new_scan_input(
            metadata.clone(),
            vec![
                col("ts").gt_eq(ts_lit(1000)),
                col("k0").eq(lit("foo")),
                col("v0").gt(lit(1)),
            ],
        )
        .await
        .with_distribution(Some(TimeSeriesDistribution::PerSeries))
        .with_series_row_selector(Some(TimeSeriesRowSelector::LastRow))
        .with_merge_mode(MergeMode::LastNonNull)
        .with_filter_deleted(false);

        let fingerprint = build_scan_fingerprint(&input).unwrap();

        let expected = ScanRequestFingerprintBuilder {
            read_columns: input.read_cols,
            read_column_types: vec![
                metadata
                    .column_by_id(0)
                    .map(|col| col.column_schema.data_type.clone()),
                metadata
                    .column_by_id(2)
                    .map(|col| col.column_schema.data_type.clone()),
                metadata
                    .column_by_id(3)
                    .map(|col| col.column_schema.data_type.clone()),
            ],
            filters: vec![
                col("k0").eq(lit("foo")).to_string(),
                col("v0").gt(lit(1)).to_string(),
            ],
            time_filters: vec![col("ts").gt_eq(ts_lit(1000)).to_string()],
            series_row_selector: Some(TimeSeriesRowSelector::LastRow),
            append_mode: false,
            filter_deleted: false,
            merge_mode: MergeMode::LastNonNull,
            partition_expr_version: 0,
        }
        .build();
        assert_eq!(expected, fingerprint.fingerprint);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_build_scan_fingerprint_requires_tag_filter() {
        let metadata = Arc::new(metadata_with_primary_key(vec![0, 1], false));
        let input = new_scan_input(
            metadata,
            vec![col("ts").gt_eq(lit(1000)), col("v0").gt(lit(1))],
        )
        .await;

        assert!(build_scan_fingerprint(&input).is_none());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_build_scan_fingerprint_respects_scan_eligibility() {
        let metadata = Arc::new(metadata_with_primary_key(vec![0, 1], false));
        let filters = vec![col("k0").eq(lit("foo"))];

        let disabled = ScanInput::new(
            SchedulerEnv::new().await.access_layer.clone(),
            FlatProjectionMapper::new(&metadata, [0, 2, 3].into_iter()).unwrap(),
        )
        .with_predicate(PredicateGroup::new(metadata.as_ref(), &filters).unwrap());
        assert!(build_scan_fingerprint(&disabled).is_none());

        let compaction = new_scan_input(metadata.clone(), filters.clone())
            .await
            .with_compaction(true);
        assert!(build_scan_fingerprint(&compaction).is_none());

        // No files to read.
        let no_files = new_scan_input(metadata, filters).await.with_files(vec![]);
        assert!(build_scan_fingerprint(&no_files).is_none());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_build_scan_fingerprint_tracks_schema_and_partition_expr_changes() {
        let base = metadata_with_primary_key(vec![0, 1], false);
        let mut builder = RegionMetadataBuilder::from_existing(base);
        let partition_expr = partition_col("k0")
            .gt_eq(Value::String("foo".into()))
            .as_json_str()
            .unwrap();
        builder.partition_expr_json(Some(partition_expr));
        let metadata = Arc::new(builder.build_without_validation().unwrap());

        let input = new_scan_input(metadata.clone(), vec![col("k0").eq(lit("foo"))]).await;
        let fingerprint = build_scan_fingerprint(&input).unwrap();

        let expected = ScanRequestFingerprintBuilder {
            read_columns: input.read_cols,
            read_column_types: vec![
                metadata
                    .column_by_id(0)
                    .map(|col| col.column_schema.data_type.clone()),
                metadata
                    .column_by_id(2)
                    .map(|col| col.column_schema.data_type.clone()),
                metadata
                    .column_by_id(3)
                    .map(|col| col.column_schema.data_type.clone()),
            ],
            filters: vec![col("k0").eq(lit("foo")).to_string()],
            time_filters: vec![],
            series_row_selector: None,
            append_mode: false,
            filter_deleted: true,
            merge_mode: MergeMode::LastRow,
            partition_expr_version: metadata.partition_expr_version,
        }
        .build();
        assert_eq!(expected, fingerprint.fingerprint);
        assert_ne!(0, metadata.partition_expr_version);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_update_dyn_filters_with_empty_base_predicates() {
        let metadata = Arc::new(metadata_with_primary_key(vec![0, 1], false));
        let predicate_group = PredicateGroup::new(metadata.as_ref(), &[]).unwrap();
        assert!(predicate_group.predicate().is_none());
        assert!(predicate_group.predicate_without_region().is_none());

        let dyn_filter = Arc::new(DynamicFilterPhysicalExpr::new(vec![], physical_lit(false)));
        predicate_group.add_dyn_filters(vec![dyn_filter]);

        let predicate_all = predicate_group.predicate().unwrap();
        assert!(predicate_all.exprs().is_empty());
        assert_eq!(1, predicate_all.dyn_filters().len());

        let predicate_without_region = predicate_group.predicate_without_region().unwrap();
        assert!(predicate_without_region.exprs().is_empty());
        assert_eq!(1, predicate_without_region.dyn_filters().len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_file_level_pruning_stats_prunes_old_file() {
        let ts_col_name = "ts";
        let predicate = Predicate::new(vec![col(ts_col_name).gt(ts_lit(1000))]);
        let arrow_schema = Arc::new(ArrowSchema::new(vec![Field::new(
            ts_col_name,
            ArrowDataType::Timestamp(ArrowTimeUnit::Millisecond, None),
            false,
        )]));

        // File with time range [0ms, 500ms] is completely before `ts > 1000ms`.
        let stats = FileLevelPruningStats {
            min_scalar: ScalarValue::TimestampMillisecond(Some(0), None),
            max_scalar: ScalarValue::TimestampMillisecond(Some(500), None),
            time_index_col_name: ts_col_name.to_string(),
        };
        assert_eq!(
            vec![false],
            predicate.prune_with_stats(&stats, &arrow_schema)
        );

        // File with time range [0ms, 2000ms] overlaps `ts > 1000ms`, so keep it.
        let stats = FileLevelPruningStats {
            min_scalar: ScalarValue::TimestampMillisecond(Some(0), None),
            max_scalar: ScalarValue::TimestampMillisecond(Some(2000), None),
            time_index_col_name: ts_col_name.to_string(),
        };
        assert_eq!(
            vec![true],
            predicate.prune_with_stats(&stats, &arrow_schema)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_file_level_pruning_stats_no_predicate_keeps_all() {
        let predicate = Predicate::new(vec![]);
        assert!(predicate.is_empty());

        let stats = FileLevelPruningStats {
            min_scalar: ScalarValue::TimestampMillisecond(Some(0), None),
            max_scalar: ScalarValue::TimestampMillisecond(Some(500), None),
            time_index_col_name: "ts".to_string(),
        };
        let arrow_schema = Arc::new(ArrowSchema::new(Vec::<Field>::new()));
        assert_eq!(
            vec![true],
            predicate.prune_with_stats(&stats, &arrow_schema)
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_file_level_pruning_stats_ceil_max_unit_conversion() {
        let metadata = metadata_with_time_index_unit(TimeUnit::Millisecond);
        let input = new_scan_input(metadata, vec![]).await;
        let file = file_handle_with_time_range(
            Timestamp::new(1_000_001, TimeUnit::Nanosecond),
            Timestamp::new(1_000_001, TimeUnit::Nanosecond),
        );

        let stats = input.try_file_level_pruning_stats(&file).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            ScalarValue::TimestampMillisecond(Some(1), None),
            stats.min_scalar
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ScalarValue::TimestampMillisecond(Some(2), None),
            stats.max_scalar
        );

        // The actual max timestamp is slightly greater than 1ms. It must be kept for `ts > 1ms`.
        let predicate = Predicate::new(vec![col("ts").gt(ts_lit(1))]);
        assert_eq!(
            vec![true],
            predicate.prune_with_stats(&stats, input.mapper.metadata().schema.arrow_schema())
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_file_level_pruning_stats_overflow_keeps_file() {
        let metadata = metadata_with_time_index_unit(TimeUnit::Nanosecond);
        let input = new_scan_input(metadata, vec![]).await;
        let file = file_handle_with_time_range(
            Timestamp::new(0, TimeUnit::Second),
            Timestamp::new(i64::MAX, TimeUnit::Second),
        );

        assert!(input.try_file_level_pruning_stats(&file).is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_file_level_pruning_stats_keeps_inclusive_boundary() {
        let ts_col_name = "ts";
        let predicate = Predicate::new(vec![col(ts_col_name).gt_eq(ts_lit(1000))]);
        let arrow_schema = Arc::new(ArrowSchema::new(vec![Field::new(
            ts_col_name,
            ArrowDataType::Timestamp(ArrowTimeUnit::Millisecond, None),
            false,
        )]));
        let stats = FileLevelPruningStats {
            min_scalar: ScalarValue::TimestampMillisecond(Some(0), None),
            max_scalar: ScalarValue::TimestampMillisecond(Some(1000), None),
            time_index_col_name: ts_col_name.to_string(),
        };

        assert_eq!(
            vec![true],
            predicate.prune_with_stats(&stats, &arrow_schema)
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_file_level_pruning_with_dyn_filter_only_predicate() {
        let metadata = Arc::new(metadata_with_primary_key(vec![0, 1], false));
        let mapper = FlatProjectionMapper::new(&metadata, [0, 2, 3]).unwrap();
        let predicate_group = PredicateGroup::new(metadata.as_ref(), &[]).unwrap();
        predicate_group.add_dyn_filters(vec![Arc::new(DynamicFilterPhysicalExpr::new(
            vec![],
            physical_lit(false),
        ))]);
        let input = ScanInput::new(SchedulerEnv::new().await.access_layer.clone(), mapper)
            .with_predicate(predicate_group);
        let file = file_handle_with_time_range(
            Timestamp::new_millisecond(0),
            Timestamp::new_millisecond(1000),
        );
        let mut reader_metrics = ReaderMetrics::default();

        let builder = input
            .prune_file(&file, PreFilterMode::SkipFields, &mut reader_metrics)
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(1, reader_metrics.filter_metrics.files_time_range_pruned);
        let mut ranges = SmallVec::new();
        builder.build_ranges(-1, &mut ranges);
        assert!(ranges.is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_manifest_pruning_observes_dynamic_filter_update() {
        let metadata = Arc::new(metadata_with_primary_key(vec![0, 1], false));
        let mapper = FlatProjectionMapper::new(&metadata, [0, 2, 3]).unwrap();
        let predicate_group = PredicateGroup::new(metadata.as_ref(), &[]).unwrap();
        let arrow_schema = metadata.schema.arrow_schema();
        let ts_expr = physical_col("ts", arrow_schema.as_ref()).unwrap();
        let dyn_filter = Arc::new(DynamicFilterPhysicalExpr::new(
            vec![ts_expr.clone()],
            physical_lit(true),
        ));
        predicate_group.add_dyn_filters(vec![dyn_filter.clone()]);
        let input = ScanInput::new(SchedulerEnv::new().await.access_layer.clone(), mapper)
            .with_predicate(predicate_group);
        let file = file_handle_with_time_range(
            Timestamp::new_millisecond(0),
            Timestamp::new_millisecond(1000),
        );

        assert!(!input.can_manifest_prune_file(&file));

        let updated = physical_binary(
            ts_expr,
            Operator::Gt,
            physical_lit(ScalarValue::TimestampMillisecond(Some(1000), None)),
            arrow_schema.as_ref(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        dyn_filter.update(updated).unwrap();

        assert!(input.can_manifest_prune_file(&file));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_range_pre_filter_mode() {
        let metadata = Arc::new(metadata_with_primary_key(vec![0, 1], false));
        let cases = [
            (true, MergeMode::LastRow, 1, PreFilterMode::All),
            (false, MergeMode::LastNonNull, 1, PreFilterMode::All),
            (false, MergeMode::LastRow, 2, PreFilterMode::SkipFields),
            (true, MergeMode::LastRow, 2, PreFilterMode::All),
        ];

        for (append_mode, merge_mode, source_count, expected_mode) in cases {
            let input = new_scan_input(metadata.clone(), vec![])
                .await
                .with_append_mode(append_mode)
                .with_merge_mode(merge_mode);

            assert_eq!(expected_mode, input.range_pre_filter_mode(source_count));
        }
    }
}