mito2/

engine.rs

// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

//! Mito region engine.

#[cfg(test)]
mod alter_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod append_mode_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod basic_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod batch_catchup_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod batch_open_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod bump_committed_sequence_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod catchup_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod close_test;
#[cfg(test)]
pub(crate) mod compaction_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod create_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod drop_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod edit_region_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod filter_deleted_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod flush_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod index_build_test;
#[cfg(any(test, feature = "test"))]
pub mod listener;
#[cfg(test)]
mod merge_mode_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod open_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod parallel_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod projection_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod prune_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod row_selector_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod scan_corrupt;
#[cfg(test)]
mod scan_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod set_role_state_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod skip_wal_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod staging_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod sync_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod truncate_test;

#[cfg(test)]
mod copy_region_from_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod remap_manifests_test;

#[cfg(test)]
mod apply_staging_manifest_test;
#[cfg(test)]
mod partition_filter_test;
mod puffin_index;

use std::any::Any;
use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::time::Instant;

use api::region::RegionResponse;
use async_trait::async_trait;
use common_base::Plugins;
use common_error::ext::BoxedError;
use common_meta::error::UnexpectedSnafu;
use common_meta::key::SchemaMetadataManagerRef;
use common_recordbatch::{MemoryPermit, QueryMemoryTracker, SendableRecordBatchStream};
use common_stat::get_total_memory_bytes;
use common_telemetry::{info, tracing, warn};
use common_wal::options::WalOptions;
use futures::future::{join_all, try_join_all};
use futures::stream::{self, Stream, StreamExt};
use object_store::manager::ObjectStoreManagerRef;
use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt, ensure};
use store_api::ManifestVersion;
use store_api::codec::PrimaryKeyEncoding;
use store_api::logstore::LogStore;
use store_api::logstore::provider::{KafkaProvider, Provider};
use store_api::metadata::{ColumnMetadata, RegionMetadataRef};
use store_api::metric_engine_consts::{
    MANIFEST_INFO_EXTENSION_KEY, TABLE_COLUMN_METADATA_EXTENSION_KEY,
};
use store_api::region_engine::{
    BatchResponses, MitoCopyRegionFromRequest, MitoCopyRegionFromResponse, RegionEngine,
    RegionManifestInfo, RegionRole, RegionScannerRef, RegionStatistic, RemapManifestsRequest,
    RemapManifestsResponse, SetRegionRoleStateResponse, SettableRegionRoleState,
    SyncRegionFromRequest, SyncRegionFromResponse,
};
use store_api::region_request::{
    AffectedRows, RegionCatchupRequest, RegionOpenRequest, RegionRequest,
};
use store_api::sst_entry::{ManifestSstEntry, PuffinIndexMetaEntry, StorageSstEntry};
use store_api::storage::{FileId, FileRefsManifest, RegionId, ScanRequest, SequenceNumber};
use tokio::sync::{Semaphore, oneshot};

use crate::access_layer::RegionFilePathFactory;
use crate::cache::{CacheManagerRef, CacheStrategy};
use crate::config::MitoConfig;
use crate::engine::puffin_index::{IndexEntryContext, collect_index_entries_from_puffin};
use crate::error::{
    InvalidRequestSnafu, JoinSnafu, MitoManifestInfoSnafu, RecvSnafu, RegionNotFoundSnafu, Result,
    SerdeJsonSnafu, SerializeColumnMetadataSnafu,
};
#[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
use crate::extension::BoxedExtensionRangeProviderFactory;
use crate::gc::GcLimiterRef;
use crate::manifest::action::RegionEdit;
use crate::memtable::MemtableStats;
use crate::metrics::{
    HANDLE_REQUEST_ELAPSED, SCAN_MEMORY_USAGE_BYTES, SCAN_REQUESTS_REJECTED_TOTAL,
};
use crate::read::scan_region::{ScanRegion, Scanner};
use crate::read::stream::ScanBatchStream;
use crate::region::MitoRegionRef;
use crate::region::opener::PartitionExprFetcherRef;
use crate::region::options::parse_wal_options;
use crate::request::{RegionEditRequest, WorkerRequest};
use crate::sst::file::{FileMeta, RegionFileId, RegionIndexId};
use crate::sst::file_ref::FileReferenceManagerRef;
use crate::sst::index::intermediate::IntermediateManager;
use crate::sst::index::puffin_manager::PuffinManagerFactory;
use crate::wal::entry_distributor::{
    DEFAULT_ENTRY_RECEIVER_BUFFER_SIZE, build_wal_entry_distributor_and_receivers,
};
use crate::wal::raw_entry_reader::{LogStoreRawEntryReader, RawEntryReader};
use crate::worker::WorkerGroup;

pub const MITO_ENGINE_NAME: &str = "mito";

pub struct MitoEngineBuilder<'a, S: LogStore> {
    data_home: &'a str,
    config: MitoConfig,
    log_store: Arc<S>,
    object_store_manager: ObjectStoreManagerRef,
    schema_metadata_manager: SchemaMetadataManagerRef,
    file_ref_manager: FileReferenceManagerRef,
    partition_expr_fetcher: PartitionExprFetcherRef,
    plugins: Plugins,
    max_concurrent_queries: usize,
    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
    extension_range_provider_factory: Option<BoxedExtensionRangeProviderFactory>,
}

impl<'a, S: LogStore> MitoEngineBuilder<'a, S> {
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub fn new(
        data_home: &'a str,
        config: MitoConfig,
        log_store: Arc<S>,
        object_store_manager: ObjectStoreManagerRef,
        schema_metadata_manager: SchemaMetadataManagerRef,
        file_ref_manager: FileReferenceManagerRef,
        partition_expr_fetcher: PartitionExprFetcherRef,
        plugins: Plugins,
        max_concurrent_queries: usize,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            data_home,
            config,
            log_store,
            object_store_manager,
            schema_metadata_manager,
            file_ref_manager,
            plugins,
            partition_expr_fetcher,
            max_concurrent_queries,
            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
            extension_range_provider_factory: None,
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_extension_range_provider_factory(
        self,
        extension_range_provider_factory: Option<BoxedExtensionRangeProviderFactory>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            extension_range_provider_factory,
            ..self
        }
    }

    pub async fn try_build(mut self) -> Result<MitoEngine> {
        self.config.sanitize(self.data_home)?;

        let config = Arc::new(self.config);
        let workers = WorkerGroup::start(
            config.clone(),
            self.log_store.clone(),
            self.object_store_manager,
            self.schema_metadata_manager,
            self.file_ref_manager,
            self.partition_expr_fetcher.clone(),
            self.plugins,
        )
        .await?;
        let wal_raw_entry_reader = Arc::new(LogStoreRawEntryReader::new(self.log_store));
        let total_memory = get_total_memory_bytes().max(0) as u64;
        let scan_memory_limit = config.scan_memory_limit.resolve(total_memory) as usize;
        let scan_memory_tracker =
            QueryMemoryTracker::new(scan_memory_limit, self.max_concurrent_queries)
                .with_on_update(|usage| {
                    SCAN_MEMORY_USAGE_BYTES.set(usage as i64);
                })
                .with_on_reject(|| {
                    SCAN_REQUESTS_REJECTED_TOTAL.inc();
                });

        let inner = EngineInner {
            workers,
            config,
            wal_raw_entry_reader,
            scan_memory_tracker,
            #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
            extension_range_provider_factory: None,
        };

        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
        let inner =
            inner.with_extension_range_provider_factory(self.extension_range_provider_factory);

        Ok(MitoEngine {
            inner: Arc::new(inner),
        })
    }
}

/// Region engine implementation for timeseries data.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct MitoEngine {
    inner: Arc<EngineInner>,
}

impl MitoEngine {
    /// Returns a new [MitoEngine] with specific `config`, `log_store` and `object_store`.
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub async fn new<S: LogStore>(
        data_home: &str,
        config: MitoConfig,
        log_store: Arc<S>,
        object_store_manager: ObjectStoreManagerRef,
        schema_metadata_manager: SchemaMetadataManagerRef,
        file_ref_manager: FileReferenceManagerRef,
        partition_expr_fetcher: PartitionExprFetcherRef,
        plugins: Plugins,
    ) -> Result<MitoEngine> {
        let builder = MitoEngineBuilder::new(
            data_home,
            config,
            log_store,
            object_store_manager,
            schema_metadata_manager,
            file_ref_manager,
            partition_expr_fetcher,
            plugins,
            0, // Default: no limit on concurrent queries
        );
        builder.try_build().await
    }

    pub fn mito_config(&self) -> &MitoConfig {
        &self.inner.config
    }

    pub fn cache_manager(&self) -> CacheManagerRef {
        self.inner.workers.cache_manager()
    }

    pub fn file_ref_manager(&self) -> FileReferenceManagerRef {
        self.inner.workers.file_ref_manager()
    }

    pub fn gc_limiter(&self) -> GcLimiterRef {
        self.inner.workers.gc_limiter()
    }

    pub fn object_store_manager(&self) -> &ObjectStoreManagerRef {
        self.inner.workers.object_store_manager()
    }

    pub fn puffin_manager_factory(&self) -> &PuffinManagerFactory {
        self.inner.workers.puffin_manager_factory()
    }

    pub fn intermediate_manager(&self) -> &IntermediateManager {
        self.inner.workers.intermediate_manager()
    }

    pub fn schema_metadata_manager(&self) -> &SchemaMetadataManagerRef {
        self.inner.workers.schema_metadata_manager()
    }

    /// Get all tmp ref files for given region ids, excluding files that's already in manifest.
    pub async fn get_snapshot_of_file_refs(
        &self,
        file_handle_regions: impl IntoIterator<Item = RegionId>,
        related_regions: HashMap<RegionId, HashSet<RegionId>>,
    ) -> Result<FileRefsManifest> {
        let file_ref_mgr = self.file_ref_manager();

        let file_handle_regions = file_handle_regions.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
        // Convert region IDs to MitoRegionRef objects, ignore regions that do not exist on current datanode
        // as regions on other datanodes are not managed by this engine.
        let query_regions: Vec<MitoRegionRef> = file_handle_regions
            .into_iter()
            .filter_map(|region_id| self.find_region(region_id))
            .collect();

        let dst_region_to_src_regions: Vec<(MitoRegionRef, HashSet<RegionId>)> = {
            let dst2src = related_regions
                .into_iter()
                .flat_map(|(src, dsts)| dsts.into_iter().map(move |dst| (dst, src)))
                .fold(
                    HashMap::<RegionId, HashSet<RegionId>>::new(),
                    |mut acc, (k, v)| {
                        let entry = acc.entry(k).or_default();
                        entry.insert(v);
                        acc
                    },
                );
            let mut dst_region_to_src_regions = Vec::with_capacity(dst2src.len());
            for (dst_region, srcs) in dst2src {
                let Some(dst_region) = self.find_region(dst_region) else {
                    continue;
                };
                dst_region_to_src_regions.push((dst_region, srcs));
            }
            dst_region_to_src_regions
        };

        file_ref_mgr
            .get_snapshot_of_file_refs(query_regions, dst_region_to_src_regions)
            .await
    }

    /// Returns true if the specific region exists.
    pub fn is_region_exists(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> bool {
        self.inner.workers.is_region_exists(region_id)
    }

    /// Returns true if the specific region exists.
    pub fn is_region_opening(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> bool {
        self.inner.workers.is_region_opening(region_id)
    }

    /// Returns true if the specific region is catching up.
    pub fn is_region_catching_up(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> bool {
        self.inner.workers.is_region_catching_up(region_id)
    }

    /// Returns the region disk/memory statistic.
    pub fn get_region_statistic(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> Option<RegionStatistic> {
        self.find_region(region_id)
            .map(|region| region.region_statistic())
    }

    /// Returns primary key encoding of the region.
    pub fn get_primary_key_encoding(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> Option<PrimaryKeyEncoding> {
        self.find_region(region_id)
            .map(|r| r.primary_key_encoding())
    }

    /// Handle substrait query and return a stream of record batches
    ///
    /// Notice that the output stream's ordering is not guranateed. If order
    /// matter, please use [`scanner`] to build a [`Scanner`] to consume.
    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
    pub async fn scan_to_stream(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        request: ScanRequest,
    ) -> Result<SendableRecordBatchStream, BoxedError> {
        self.scanner(region_id, request)
            .await
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)?
            .scan()
            .await
    }

    /// Scan [`Batch`]es by [`ScanRequest`].
    pub async fn scan_batch(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        request: ScanRequest,
        filter_deleted: bool,
    ) -> Result<ScanBatchStream> {
        let mut scan_region = self.scan_region(region_id, request)?;
        scan_region.set_filter_deleted(filter_deleted);
        scan_region.scanner().await?.scan_batch()
    }

    /// Returns a scanner to scan for `request`.
    pub(crate) async fn scanner(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        request: ScanRequest,
    ) -> Result<Scanner> {
        self.scan_region(region_id, request)?.scanner().await
    }

    /// Scans a region.
    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(region_id = %region_id))]
    fn scan_region(&self, region_id: RegionId, request: ScanRequest) -> Result<ScanRegion> {
        self.inner.scan_region(region_id, request)
    }

    /// Edit region's metadata by [RegionEdit] directly. Use with care.
    /// Now we only allow adding files or removing files from region (the [RegionEdit] struct can only contain a non-empty "files_to_add" or "files_to_remove" field).
    /// Other region editing intention will result in an "invalid request" error.
    /// Also note that if a region is to be edited directly, we MUST not write data to it thereafter.
    pub async fn edit_region(&self, region_id: RegionId, edit: RegionEdit) -> Result<()> {
        let _timer = HANDLE_REQUEST_ELAPSED
            .with_label_values(&["edit_region"])
            .start_timer();

        ensure!(
            is_valid_region_edit(&edit),
            InvalidRequestSnafu {
                region_id,
                reason: "invalid region edit"
            }
        );

        let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
        let request = WorkerRequest::EditRegion(RegionEditRequest {
            region_id,
            edit,
            tx,
        });
        self.inner
            .workers
            .submit_to_worker(region_id, request)
            .await?;
        rx.await.context(RecvSnafu)?
    }

    /// Handles copy region from request.
    ///
    /// This method is only supported for internal use and is not exposed in the trait implementation.
    pub async fn copy_region_from(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        request: MitoCopyRegionFromRequest,
    ) -> Result<MitoCopyRegionFromResponse> {
        self.inner.copy_region_from(region_id, request).await
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    pub(crate) fn get_region(&self, id: RegionId) -> Option<crate::region::MitoRegionRef> {
        self.find_region(id)
    }

    pub fn find_region(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> Option<MitoRegionRef> {
        self.inner.workers.get_region(region_id)
    }

    /// Returns all regions.
    pub fn regions(&self) -> Vec<MitoRegionRef> {
        self.inner.workers.all_regions().collect()
    }

    fn encode_manifest_info_to_extensions(
        region_id: &RegionId,
        manifest_info: RegionManifestInfo,
        extensions: &mut HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let region_manifest_info = vec![(*region_id, manifest_info)];

        extensions.insert(
            MANIFEST_INFO_EXTENSION_KEY.to_string(),
            RegionManifestInfo::encode_list(&region_manifest_info).context(SerdeJsonSnafu)?,
        );
        info!(
            "Added manifest info: {:?} to extensions, region_id: {:?}",
            region_manifest_info, region_id
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    fn encode_column_metadatas_to_extensions(
        region_id: &RegionId,
        column_metadatas: Vec<ColumnMetadata>,
        extensions: &mut HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        extensions.insert(
            TABLE_COLUMN_METADATA_EXTENSION_KEY.to_string(),
            ColumnMetadata::encode_list(&column_metadatas).context(SerializeColumnMetadataSnafu)?,
        );
        info!(
            "Added column metadatas: {:?} to extensions, region_id: {:?}",
            column_metadatas, region_id
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Find the current version's memtables and SSTs stats by region_id.
    /// The stats must be collected in one place one time to ensure data consistency.
    pub fn find_memtable_and_sst_stats(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
    ) -> Result<(Vec<MemtableStats>, Vec<FileMeta>)> {
        let region = self
            .find_region(region_id)
            .context(RegionNotFoundSnafu { region_id })?;

        let version = region.version();
        let memtable_stats = version
            .memtables
            .list_memtables()
            .iter()
            .map(|x| x.stats())
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        let sst_stats = version
            .ssts
            .levels()
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|level| level.files().map(|x| x.meta_ref()))
            .cloned()
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        Ok((memtable_stats, sst_stats))
    }

    /// Lists all SSTs from the manifest of all regions in the engine.
    pub async fn all_ssts_from_manifest(&self) -> Vec<ManifestSstEntry> {
        let node_id = self.inner.workers.file_ref_manager().node_id();
        let regions = self.inner.workers.all_regions();

        let mut results = Vec::new();
        for region in regions {
            let mut entries = region.manifest_sst_entries().await;
            for e in &mut entries {
                e.node_id = node_id;
            }
            results.extend(entries);
        }

        results
    }

    /// Lists metadata about all puffin index targets stored in the engine.
    pub async fn all_index_metas(&self) -> Vec<PuffinIndexMetaEntry> {
        let node_id = self.inner.workers.file_ref_manager().node_id();
        let cache_manager = self.inner.workers.cache_manager();
        let puffin_metadata_cache = cache_manager.puffin_metadata_cache().cloned();
        let bloom_filter_cache = cache_manager.bloom_filter_index_cache().cloned();
        let inverted_index_cache = cache_manager.inverted_index_cache().cloned();

        let mut results = Vec::new();

        for region in self.inner.workers.all_regions() {
            let manifest_entries = region.manifest_sst_entries().await;
            let access_layer = region.access_layer.clone();
            let table_dir = access_layer.table_dir().to_string();
            let path_type = access_layer.path_type();
            let object_store = access_layer.object_store().clone();
            let puffin_factory = access_layer.puffin_manager_factory().clone();
            let path_factory = RegionFilePathFactory::new(table_dir, path_type);

            let entry_futures = manifest_entries.into_iter().map(|entry| {
                let object_store = object_store.clone();
                let path_factory = path_factory.clone();
                let puffin_factory = puffin_factory.clone();
                let puffin_metadata_cache = puffin_metadata_cache.clone();
                let bloom_filter_cache = bloom_filter_cache.clone();
                let inverted_index_cache = inverted_index_cache.clone();

                async move {
                    let Some(index_file_path) = entry.index_file_path.as_ref() else {
                        return Vec::new();
                    };

                    let index_version = entry.index_version;
                    let file_id = match FileId::parse_str(&entry.file_id) {
                        Ok(file_id) => file_id,
                        Err(err) => {
                            warn!(
                                err;
                                "Failed to parse puffin index file id, table_dir: {}, file_id: {}",
                                entry.table_dir,
                                entry.file_id
                            );
                            return Vec::new();
                        }
                    };
                    let region_index_id = RegionIndexId::new(
                        RegionFileId::new(entry.region_id, file_id),
                        index_version,
                    );
                    let context = IndexEntryContext {
                        table_dir: &entry.table_dir,
                        index_file_path: index_file_path.as_str(),
                        region_id: entry.region_id,
                        table_id: entry.table_id,
                        region_number: entry.region_number,
                        region_group: entry.region_group,
                        region_sequence: entry.region_sequence,
                        file_id: &entry.file_id,
                        index_file_size: entry.index_file_size,
                        node_id,
                    };

                    let manager = puffin_factory
                        .build(object_store, path_factory)
                        .with_puffin_metadata_cache(puffin_metadata_cache);

                    collect_index_entries_from_puffin(
                        manager,
                        region_index_id,
                        context,
                        bloom_filter_cache,
                        inverted_index_cache,
                    )
                    .await
                }
            });

            let mut meta_stream = stream::iter(entry_futures).buffer_unordered(8); // Parallelism is 8.
            while let Some(mut metas) = meta_stream.next().await {
                results.append(&mut metas);
            }
        }

        results
    }

    /// Lists all SSTs from the storage layer of all regions in the engine.
    pub fn all_ssts_from_storage(&self) -> impl Stream<Item = Result<StorageSstEntry>> {
        let node_id = self.inner.workers.file_ref_manager().node_id();
        let regions = self.inner.workers.all_regions();

        let mut layers_distinct_table_dirs = HashMap::new();
        for region in regions {
            let table_dir = region.access_layer.table_dir();
            if !layers_distinct_table_dirs.contains_key(table_dir) {
                layers_distinct_table_dirs
                    .insert(table_dir.to_string(), region.access_layer.clone());
            }
        }

        stream::iter(layers_distinct_table_dirs)
            .map(|(_, access_layer)| access_layer.storage_sst_entries())
            .flatten()
            .map(move |entry| {
                entry.map(move |mut entry| {
                    entry.node_id = node_id;
                    entry
                })
            })
    }
}

/// Check whether the region edit is valid.
///
/// Only adding or removing files to region is considered valid now.
fn is_valid_region_edit(edit: &RegionEdit) -> bool {
    (!edit.files_to_add.is_empty() || !edit.files_to_remove.is_empty())
        && matches!(
            edit,
            RegionEdit {
                files_to_add: _,
                files_to_remove: _,
                timestamp_ms: _,
                compaction_time_window: None,
                flushed_entry_id: None,
                flushed_sequence: None,
                ..
            }
        )
}

/// Inner struct of [MitoEngine].
struct EngineInner {
    /// Region workers group.
    workers: WorkerGroup,
    /// Config of the engine.
    config: Arc<MitoConfig>,
    /// The Wal raw entry reader.
    wal_raw_entry_reader: Arc<dyn RawEntryReader>,
    /// Memory tracker for table scans.
    scan_memory_tracker: QueryMemoryTracker,
    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
    extension_range_provider_factory: Option<BoxedExtensionRangeProviderFactory>,
}

type TopicGroupedRegionOpenRequests = HashMap<String, Vec<(RegionId, RegionOpenRequest)>>;

/// Returns requests([TopicGroupedRegionOpenRequests]) grouped by topic and remaining requests.
fn prepare_batch_open_requests(
    requests: Vec<(RegionId, RegionOpenRequest)>,
) -> Result<(
    TopicGroupedRegionOpenRequests,
    Vec<(RegionId, RegionOpenRequest)>,
)> {
    let mut topic_to_regions: HashMap<String, Vec<(RegionId, RegionOpenRequest)>> = HashMap::new();
    let mut remaining_regions: Vec<(RegionId, RegionOpenRequest)> = Vec::new();
    for (region_id, request) in requests {
        match parse_wal_options(&request.options).context(SerdeJsonSnafu)? {
            WalOptions::Kafka(options) => {
                topic_to_regions
                    .entry(options.topic)
                    .or_default()
                    .push((region_id, request));
            }
            WalOptions::RaftEngine | WalOptions::Noop => {
                remaining_regions.push((region_id, request));
            }
        }
    }

    Ok((topic_to_regions, remaining_regions))
}

impl EngineInner {
    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
    #[must_use]
    fn with_extension_range_provider_factory(
        self,
        extension_range_provider_factory: Option<BoxedExtensionRangeProviderFactory>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            extension_range_provider_factory,
            ..self
        }
    }

    /// Stop the inner engine.
    async fn stop(&self) -> Result<()> {
        self.workers.stop().await
    }

    fn find_region(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> Result<MitoRegionRef> {
        self.workers
            .get_region(region_id)
            .context(RegionNotFoundSnafu { region_id })
    }

    /// Get metadata of a region.
    ///
    /// Returns error if the region doesn't exist.
    fn get_metadata(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> Result<RegionMetadataRef> {
        // Reading a region doesn't need to go through the region worker thread.
        let region = self.find_region(region_id)?;
        Ok(region.metadata())
    }

    async fn open_topic_regions(
        &self,
        topic: String,
        region_requests: Vec<(RegionId, RegionOpenRequest)>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<(RegionId, Result<AffectedRows>)>> {
        let now = Instant::now();
        let region_ids = region_requests
            .iter()
            .map(|(region_id, _)| *region_id)
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let provider = Provider::kafka_provider(topic);
        let (distributor, entry_receivers) = build_wal_entry_distributor_and_receivers(
            provider.clone(),
            self.wal_raw_entry_reader.clone(),
            &region_ids,
            DEFAULT_ENTRY_RECEIVER_BUFFER_SIZE,
        );

        let mut responses = Vec::with_capacity(region_requests.len());
        for ((region_id, request), entry_receiver) in
            region_requests.into_iter().zip(entry_receivers)
        {
            let (request, receiver) =
                WorkerRequest::new_open_region_request(region_id, request, Some(entry_receiver));
            self.workers.submit_to_worker(region_id, request).await?;
            responses.push(async move { receiver.await.context(RecvSnafu)? });
        }

        // Waits for entries distribution.
        let distribution =
            common_runtime::spawn_global(async move { distributor.distribute().await });
        // Waits for worker returns.
        let responses = join_all(responses).await;
        distribution.await.context(JoinSnafu)??;

        let num_failure = responses.iter().filter(|r| r.is_err()).count();
        info!(
            "Opened {} regions for topic '{}', failures: {}, elapsed: {:?}",
            region_ids.len() - num_failure,
            // Safety: provider is kafka provider.
            provider.as_kafka_provider().unwrap(),
            num_failure,
            now.elapsed(),
        );
        Ok(region_ids.into_iter().zip(responses).collect())
    }

    async fn handle_batch_open_requests(
        &self,
        parallelism: usize,
        requests: Vec<(RegionId, RegionOpenRequest)>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<(RegionId, Result<AffectedRows>)>> {
        let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(parallelism));
        let (topic_to_region_requests, remaining_region_requests) =
            prepare_batch_open_requests(requests)?;
        let mut responses =
            Vec::with_capacity(topic_to_region_requests.len() + remaining_region_requests.len());

        if !topic_to_region_requests.is_empty() {
            let mut tasks = Vec::with_capacity(topic_to_region_requests.len());
            for (topic, region_requests) in topic_to_region_requests {
                let semaphore_moved = semaphore.clone();
                tasks.push(async move {
                    // Safety: semaphore must exist
                    let _permit = semaphore_moved.acquire().await.unwrap();
                    self.open_topic_regions(topic, region_requests).await
                })
            }
            let r = try_join_all(tasks).await?;
            responses.extend(r.into_iter().flatten());
        }

        if !remaining_region_requests.is_empty() {
            let mut tasks = Vec::with_capacity(remaining_region_requests.len());
            let mut region_ids = Vec::with_capacity(remaining_region_requests.len());
            for (region_id, request) in remaining_region_requests {
                let semaphore_moved = semaphore.clone();
                region_ids.push(region_id);
                tasks.push(async move {
                    // Safety: semaphore must exist
                    let _permit = semaphore_moved.acquire().await.unwrap();
                    let (request, receiver) =
                        WorkerRequest::new_open_region_request(region_id, request, None);

                    self.workers.submit_to_worker(region_id, request).await?;

                    receiver.await.context(RecvSnafu)?
                })
            }

            let results = join_all(tasks).await;
            responses.extend(region_ids.into_iter().zip(results));
        }

        Ok(responses)
    }

    async fn catchup_topic_regions(
        &self,
        provider: Provider,
        region_requests: Vec<(RegionId, RegionCatchupRequest)>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<(RegionId, Result<AffectedRows>)>> {
        let now = Instant::now();
        let region_ids = region_requests
            .iter()
            .map(|(region_id, _)| *region_id)
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let (distributor, entry_receivers) = build_wal_entry_distributor_and_receivers(
            provider.clone(),
            self.wal_raw_entry_reader.clone(),
            &region_ids,
            DEFAULT_ENTRY_RECEIVER_BUFFER_SIZE,
        );

        let mut responses = Vec::with_capacity(region_requests.len());
        for ((region_id, request), entry_receiver) in
            region_requests.into_iter().zip(entry_receivers)
        {
            let (request, receiver) =
                WorkerRequest::new_catchup_region_request(region_id, request, Some(entry_receiver));
            self.workers.submit_to_worker(region_id, request).await?;
            responses.push(async move { receiver.await.context(RecvSnafu)? });
        }

        // Wait for entries distribution.
        let distribution =
            common_runtime::spawn_global(async move { distributor.distribute().await });
        // Wait for worker returns.
        let responses = join_all(responses).await;
        distribution.await.context(JoinSnafu)??;

        let num_failure = responses.iter().filter(|r| r.is_err()).count();
        info!(
            "Caught up {} regions for topic '{}', failures: {}, elapsed: {:?}",
            region_ids.len() - num_failure,
            // Safety: provider is kafka provider.
            provider.as_kafka_provider().unwrap(),
            num_failure,
            now.elapsed(),
        );

        Ok(region_ids.into_iter().zip(responses).collect())
    }

    async fn handle_batch_catchup_requests(
        &self,
        parallelism: usize,
        requests: Vec<(RegionId, RegionCatchupRequest)>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<(RegionId, Result<AffectedRows>)>> {
        let mut responses = Vec::with_capacity(requests.len());
        let mut topic_regions: HashMap<Arc<KafkaProvider>, Vec<_>> = HashMap::new();
        let mut remaining_region_requests = vec![];

        for (region_id, request) in requests {
            match self.workers.get_region(region_id) {
                Some(region) => match region.provider.as_kafka_provider() {
                    Some(provider) => {
                        topic_regions
                            .entry(provider.clone())
                            .or_default()
                            .push((region_id, request));
                    }
                    None => {
                        remaining_region_requests.push((region_id, request));
                    }
                },
                None => responses.push((region_id, RegionNotFoundSnafu { region_id }.fail())),
            }
        }

        let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(parallelism));

        if !topic_regions.is_empty() {
            let mut tasks = Vec::with_capacity(topic_regions.len());
            for (provider, region_requests) in topic_regions {
                let semaphore_moved = semaphore.clone();
                tasks.push(async move {
                    // Safety: semaphore must exist
                    let _permit = semaphore_moved.acquire().await.unwrap();
                    self.catchup_topic_regions(Provider::Kafka(provider), region_requests)
                        .await
                })
            }

            let r = try_join_all(tasks).await?;
            responses.extend(r.into_iter().flatten());
        }

        if !remaining_region_requests.is_empty() {
            let mut tasks = Vec::with_capacity(remaining_region_requests.len());
            let mut region_ids = Vec::with_capacity(remaining_region_requests.len());
            for (region_id, request) in remaining_region_requests {
                let semaphore_moved = semaphore.clone();
                region_ids.push(region_id);
                tasks.push(async move {
                    // Safety: semaphore must exist
                    let _permit = semaphore_moved.acquire().await.unwrap();
                    let (request, receiver) =
                        WorkerRequest::new_catchup_region_request(region_id, request, None);

                    self.workers.submit_to_worker(region_id, request).await?;

                    receiver.await.context(RecvSnafu)?
                })
            }

            let results = join_all(tasks).await;
            responses.extend(region_ids.into_iter().zip(results));
        }

        Ok(responses)
    }

    /// Handles [RegionRequest] and return its executed result.
    async fn handle_request(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        request: RegionRequest,
    ) -> Result<AffectedRows> {
        let region_metadata = self.get_metadata(region_id).ok();
        let (request, receiver) =
            WorkerRequest::try_from_region_request(region_id, request, region_metadata)?;
        self.workers.submit_to_worker(region_id, request).await?;

        receiver.await.context(RecvSnafu)?
    }

    /// Returns the sequence of latest committed data.
    fn get_committed_sequence(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> Result<SequenceNumber> {
        // Reading a region doesn't need to go through the region worker thread.
        self.find_region(region_id)
            .map(|r| r.find_committed_sequence())
    }

    /// Handles the scan `request` and returns a [ScanRegion].
    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(region_id = %region_id))]
    fn scan_region(&self, region_id: RegionId, request: ScanRequest) -> Result<ScanRegion> {
        let query_start = Instant::now();
        // Reading a region doesn't need to go through the region worker thread.
        let region = self.find_region(region_id)?;
        let version = region.version();
        // Get cache.
        let cache_manager = self.workers.cache_manager();

        let scan_region = ScanRegion::new(
            version,
            region.access_layer.clone(),
            request,
            CacheStrategy::EnableAll(cache_manager),
        )
        .with_parallel_scan_channel_size(self.config.parallel_scan_channel_size)
        .with_max_concurrent_scan_files(self.config.max_concurrent_scan_files)
        .with_ignore_inverted_index(self.config.inverted_index.apply_on_query.disabled())
        .with_ignore_fulltext_index(self.config.fulltext_index.apply_on_query.disabled())
        .with_ignore_bloom_filter(self.config.bloom_filter_index.apply_on_query.disabled())
        .with_start_time(query_start);

        #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
        let scan_region = self.maybe_fill_extension_range_provider(scan_region, region);

        Ok(scan_region)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
    fn maybe_fill_extension_range_provider(
        &self,
        mut scan_region: ScanRegion,
        region: MitoRegionRef,
    ) -> ScanRegion {
        if region.is_follower()
            && let Some(factory) = self.extension_range_provider_factory.as_ref()
        {
            scan_region
                .set_extension_range_provider(factory.create_extension_range_provider(region));
        }
        scan_region
    }

    /// Converts the [`RegionRole`].
    fn set_region_role(&self, region_id: RegionId, role: RegionRole) -> Result<()> {
        let region = self.find_region(region_id)?;
        region.set_role(role);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Sets read-only for a region and ensures no more writes in the region after it returns.
    async fn set_region_role_state_gracefully(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        region_role_state: SettableRegionRoleState,
    ) -> Result<SetRegionRoleStateResponse> {
        // Notes: It acquires the mutable ownership to ensure no other threads,
        // Therefore, we submit it to the worker.
        let (request, receiver) =
            WorkerRequest::new_set_readonly_gracefully(region_id, region_role_state);
        self.workers.submit_to_worker(region_id, request).await?;

        receiver.await.context(RecvSnafu)
    }

    async fn sync_region(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        manifest_info: RegionManifestInfo,
    ) -> Result<(ManifestVersion, bool)> {
        ensure!(manifest_info.is_mito(), MitoManifestInfoSnafu);
        let manifest_version = manifest_info.data_manifest_version();
        let (request, receiver) =
            WorkerRequest::new_sync_region_request(region_id, manifest_version);
        self.workers.submit_to_worker(region_id, request).await?;

        receiver.await.context(RecvSnafu)?
    }

    async fn remap_manifests(
        &self,
        request: RemapManifestsRequest,
    ) -> Result<RemapManifestsResponse> {
        let region_id = request.region_id;
        let (request, receiver) = WorkerRequest::try_from_remap_manifests_request(request)?;
        self.workers.submit_to_worker(region_id, request).await?;
        let manifest_paths = receiver.await.context(RecvSnafu)??;
        Ok(RemapManifestsResponse { manifest_paths })
    }

    async fn copy_region_from(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        request: MitoCopyRegionFromRequest,
    ) -> Result<MitoCopyRegionFromResponse> {
        let (request, receiver) =
            WorkerRequest::try_from_copy_region_from_request(region_id, request)?;
        self.workers.submit_to_worker(region_id, request).await?;
        let response = receiver.await.context(RecvSnafu)??;
        Ok(response)
    }

    fn role(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> Option<RegionRole> {
        self.workers.get_region(region_id).map(|region| {
            if region.is_follower() {
                RegionRole::Follower
            } else {
                RegionRole::Leader
            }
        })
    }
}

fn map_batch_responses(responses: Vec<(RegionId, Result<AffectedRows>)>) -> BatchResponses {
    responses
        .into_iter()
        .map(|(region_id, response)| {
            (
                region_id,
                response.map(RegionResponse::new).map_err(BoxedError::new),
            )
        })
        .collect()
}

#[async_trait]
impl RegionEngine for MitoEngine {
    fn name(&self) -> &str {
        MITO_ENGINE_NAME
    }

    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
    async fn handle_batch_open_requests(
        &self,
        parallelism: usize,
        requests: Vec<(RegionId, RegionOpenRequest)>,
    ) -> Result<BatchResponses, BoxedError> {
        // TODO(weny): add metrics.
        self.inner
            .handle_batch_open_requests(parallelism, requests)
            .await
            .map(map_batch_responses)
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
    }

    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
    async fn handle_batch_catchup_requests(
        &self,
        parallelism: usize,
        requests: Vec<(RegionId, RegionCatchupRequest)>,
    ) -> Result<BatchResponses, BoxedError> {
        self.inner
            .handle_batch_catchup_requests(parallelism, requests)
            .await
            .map(map_batch_responses)
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
    }

    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
    async fn handle_request(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        request: RegionRequest,
    ) -> Result<RegionResponse, BoxedError> {
        let _timer = HANDLE_REQUEST_ELAPSED
            .with_label_values(&[request.request_type()])
            .start_timer();

        let is_alter = matches!(request, RegionRequest::Alter(_));
        let is_create = matches!(request, RegionRequest::Create(_));
        let mut response = self
            .inner
            .handle_request(region_id, request)
            .await
            .map(RegionResponse::new)
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)?;

        if is_alter {
            self.handle_alter_response(region_id, &mut response)
                .map_err(BoxedError::new)?;
        } else if is_create {
            self.handle_create_response(region_id, &mut response)
                .map_err(BoxedError::new)?;
        }

        Ok(response)
    }

    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
    async fn handle_query(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        request: ScanRequest,
    ) -> Result<RegionScannerRef, BoxedError> {
        self.scan_region(region_id, request)
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)?
            .region_scanner()
            .await
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
    }

    fn register_query_memory_permit(&self) -> Option<Arc<MemoryPermit>> {
        Some(Arc::new(self.inner.scan_memory_tracker.register_permit()))
    }

    async fn get_committed_sequence(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
    ) -> Result<SequenceNumber, BoxedError> {
        self.inner
            .get_committed_sequence(region_id)
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
    }

    /// Retrieve region's metadata.
    async fn get_metadata(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
    ) -> std::result::Result<RegionMetadataRef, BoxedError> {
        self.inner.get_metadata(region_id).map_err(BoxedError::new)
    }

    /// Stop the engine.
    ///
    /// Stopping the engine doesn't stop the underlying log store as other components might
    /// still use it. (When no other components are referencing the log store, it will
    /// automatically shutdown.)
    async fn stop(&self) -> std::result::Result<(), BoxedError> {
        self.inner.stop().await.map_err(BoxedError::new)
    }

    fn region_statistic(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> Option<RegionStatistic> {
        self.get_region_statistic(region_id)
    }

    fn set_region_role(&self, region_id: RegionId, role: RegionRole) -> Result<(), BoxedError> {
        self.inner
            .set_region_role(region_id, role)
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
    }

    async fn set_region_role_state_gracefully(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        region_role_state: SettableRegionRoleState,
    ) -> Result<SetRegionRoleStateResponse, BoxedError> {
        let _timer = HANDLE_REQUEST_ELAPSED
            .with_label_values(&["set_region_role_state_gracefully"])
            .start_timer();

        self.inner
            .set_region_role_state_gracefully(region_id, region_role_state)
            .await
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
    }

    async fn sync_region(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        request: SyncRegionFromRequest,
    ) -> Result<SyncRegionFromResponse, BoxedError> {
        let manifest_info = request
            .into_region_manifest_info()
            .context(UnexpectedSnafu {
                err_msg: "Expected a manifest info request",
            })
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)?;
        let (_, synced) = self
            .inner
            .sync_region(region_id, manifest_info)
            .await
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)?;

        Ok(SyncRegionFromResponse::Mito { synced })
    }

    async fn remap_manifests(
        &self,
        request: RemapManifestsRequest,
    ) -> Result<RemapManifestsResponse, BoxedError> {
        self.inner
            .remap_manifests(request)
            .await
            .map_err(BoxedError::new)
    }

    fn role(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> Option<RegionRole> {
        self.inner.role(region_id)
    }

    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
        self
    }
}

impl MitoEngine {
    fn handle_alter_response(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        response: &mut RegionResponse,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        if let Some(statistic) = self.region_statistic(region_id) {
            Self::encode_manifest_info_to_extensions(
                &region_id,
                statistic.manifest,
                &mut response.extensions,
            )?;
        }
        let column_metadatas = self
            .inner
            .find_region(region_id)
            .ok()
            .map(|r| r.metadata().column_metadatas.clone());
        if let Some(column_metadatas) = column_metadatas {
            Self::encode_column_metadatas_to_extensions(
                &region_id,
                column_metadatas,
                &mut response.extensions,
            )?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn handle_create_response(
        &self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        response: &mut RegionResponse,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let column_metadatas = self
            .inner
            .find_region(region_id)
            .ok()
            .map(|r| r.metadata().column_metadatas.clone());
        if let Some(column_metadatas) = column_metadatas {
            Self::encode_column_metadatas_to_extensions(
                &region_id,
                column_metadatas,
                &mut response.extensions,
            )?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

// Tests methods.
#[cfg(any(test, feature = "test"))]
#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
impl MitoEngine {
    /// Returns a new [MitoEngine] for tests.
    pub async fn new_for_test<S: LogStore>(
        data_home: &str,
        mut config: MitoConfig,
        log_store: Arc<S>,
        object_store_manager: ObjectStoreManagerRef,
        write_buffer_manager: Option<crate::flush::WriteBufferManagerRef>,
        listener: Option<crate::engine::listener::EventListenerRef>,
        time_provider: crate::time_provider::TimeProviderRef,
        schema_metadata_manager: SchemaMetadataManagerRef,
        file_ref_manager: FileReferenceManagerRef,
        partition_expr_fetcher: PartitionExprFetcherRef,
    ) -> Result<MitoEngine> {
        config.sanitize(data_home)?;

        let config = Arc::new(config);
        let wal_raw_entry_reader = Arc::new(LogStoreRawEntryReader::new(log_store.clone()));
        let total_memory = get_total_memory_bytes().max(0) as u64;
        let scan_memory_limit = config.scan_memory_limit.resolve(total_memory) as usize;
        let scan_memory_tracker = QueryMemoryTracker::new(scan_memory_limit, 0)
            .with_on_update(|usage| {
                SCAN_MEMORY_USAGE_BYTES.set(usage as i64);
            })
            .with_on_reject(|| {
                SCAN_REQUESTS_REJECTED_TOTAL.inc();
            });
        Ok(MitoEngine {
            inner: Arc::new(EngineInner {
                workers: WorkerGroup::start_for_test(
                    config.clone(),
                    log_store,
                    object_store_manager,
                    write_buffer_manager,
                    listener,
                    schema_metadata_manager,
                    file_ref_manager,
                    time_provider,
                    partition_expr_fetcher,
                )
                .await?,
                config,
                wal_raw_entry_reader,
                scan_memory_tracker,
                #[cfg(feature = "enterprise")]
                extension_range_provider_factory: None,
            }),
        })
    }

    /// Returns the purge scheduler.
    pub fn purge_scheduler(&self) -> &crate::schedule::scheduler::SchedulerRef {
        self.inner.workers.purge_scheduler()
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use std::time::Duration;

    use super::*;
    use crate::sst::file::FileMeta;

    #[test]
    fn test_is_valid_region_edit() {
        // Valid: has only "files_to_add"
        let edit = RegionEdit {
            files_to_add: vec![FileMeta::default()],
            files_to_remove: vec![],
            timestamp_ms: None,
            compaction_time_window: None,
            flushed_entry_id: None,
            flushed_sequence: None,
            committed_sequence: None,
        };
        assert!(is_valid_region_edit(&edit));

        // Invalid: "files_to_add" and "files_to_remove" are both empty
        let edit = RegionEdit {
            files_to_add: vec![],
            files_to_remove: vec![],
            timestamp_ms: None,
            compaction_time_window: None,
            flushed_entry_id: None,
            flushed_sequence: None,
            committed_sequence: None,
        };
        assert!(!is_valid_region_edit(&edit));

        // Valid: "files_to_remove" is not empty
        let edit = RegionEdit {
            files_to_add: vec![FileMeta::default()],
            files_to_remove: vec![FileMeta::default()],
            timestamp_ms: None,
            compaction_time_window: None,
            flushed_entry_id: None,
            flushed_sequence: None,
            committed_sequence: None,
        };
        assert!(is_valid_region_edit(&edit));

        // Invalid: other fields are not all "None"s
        let edit = RegionEdit {
            files_to_add: vec![FileMeta::default()],
            files_to_remove: vec![],
            timestamp_ms: None,
            compaction_time_window: Some(Duration::from_secs(1)),
            flushed_entry_id: None,
            flushed_sequence: None,
            committed_sequence: None,
        };
        assert!(!is_valid_region_edit(&edit));
        let edit = RegionEdit {
            files_to_add: vec![FileMeta::default()],
            files_to_remove: vec![],
            timestamp_ms: None,
            compaction_time_window: None,
            flushed_entry_id: Some(1),
            flushed_sequence: None,
            committed_sequence: None,
        };
        assert!(!is_valid_region_edit(&edit));
        let edit = RegionEdit {
            files_to_add: vec![FileMeta::default()],
            files_to_remove: vec![],
            timestamp_ms: None,
            compaction_time_window: None,
            flushed_entry_id: None,
            flushed_sequence: Some(1),
            committed_sequence: None,
        };
        assert!(!is_valid_region_edit(&edit));
    }
}