mito2/

compaction.rs

// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

mod buckets;
pub mod compactor;
pub mod memory_manager;
pub mod picker;
pub mod run;
mod task;
#[cfg(test)]
mod test_util;
mod twcs;
mod window;

use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
use std::time::Instant;

use api::v1::region::compact_request;
use api::v1::region::compact_request::Options;
use arrow_schema::Schema;
use common_base::Plugins;
use common_base::cancellation::CancellationHandle;
use common_memory_manager::OnExhaustedPolicy;
use common_meta::key::SchemaMetadataManagerRef;
use common_telemetry::{debug, error, info, warn};
use common_time::range::TimestampRange;
use common_time::timestamp::TimeUnit;
use common_time::{TimeToLive, Timestamp};
use datafusion_common::ScalarValue;
use datafusion_expr::Expr;
use datatypes::extension::json::is_structured_json_field;
use datatypes::types::json_type::JsonNativeType;
use parquet::arrow::parquet_to_arrow_schema;
use parquet::file::metadata::PageIndexPolicy;
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use snafu::{OptionExt, ResultExt};
use store_api::metadata::RegionMetadataRef;
use store_api::storage::RegionId;
use task::MAX_PARALLEL_COMPACTION;
use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};

use crate::access_layer::AccessLayerRef;
use crate::cache::{CacheManagerRef, CacheStrategy};
use crate::compaction::compactor::{CompactionRegion, CompactionVersion, DefaultCompactor};
use crate::compaction::memory_manager::CompactionMemoryManager;
use crate::compaction::picker::{CompactionTask, PickerOutput, new_picker};
use crate::compaction::task::CompactionTaskImpl;
use crate::config::MitoConfig;
use crate::error::{
    CompactRegionSnafu, CompactionCancelledSnafu, DataTypeMismatchSnafu, Error,
    GetSchemaMetadataSnafu, ManualCompactionOverrideSnafu, ParquetToArrowSchemaSnafu,
    RegionClosedSnafu, RegionDroppedSnafu, RegionTruncatedSnafu, RemoteCompactionSnafu, Result,
    TimeRangePredicateOverflowSnafu, TimeoutSnafu,
};
use crate::metrics::{COMPACTION_STAGE_ELAPSED, INFLIGHT_COMPACTION_COUNT};
use crate::read::FlatSource;
use crate::read::flat_projection::FlatProjectionMapper;
use crate::read::read_columns::ReadColumns;
use crate::read::scan_region::{PredicateGroup, ScanInput};
use crate::read::seq_scan::SeqScan;
use crate::region::options::{MergeMode, RegionOptions};
use crate::region::version::VersionControlRef;
use crate::region::{ManifestContextRef, RegionLeaderState, RegionRoleState};
use crate::request::{OptionOutputTx, OutputTx, SenderDdlRequest, WorkerRequestWithTime};
use crate::schedule::remote_job_scheduler::{
    CompactionJob, DefaultNotifier, RemoteJob, RemoteJobSchedulerRef,
};
use crate::schedule::scheduler::SchedulerRef;
use crate::sst::file::{FileHandle, FileMeta, Level};
use crate::sst::parquet::reader::MetadataCacheMetrics;
use crate::sst::version::LevelMeta;
use crate::worker::WorkerListener;

/// Region compaction request.
pub struct CompactionRequest {
    pub(crate) engine_config: Arc<MitoConfig>,
    pub(crate) current_version: CompactionVersion,
    pub(crate) access_layer: AccessLayerRef,
    /// Sender to send notification to the region worker.
    pub(crate) request_sender: mpsc::Sender<WorkerRequestWithTime>,
    /// Waiters of the compaction request.
    pub(crate) waiters: Vec<OutputTx>,
    /// Start time of compaction task.
    pub(crate) start_time: Instant,
    pub(crate) cache_manager: CacheManagerRef,
    pub(crate) manifest_ctx: ManifestContextRef,
    pub(crate) listener: WorkerListener,
    pub(crate) schema_metadata_manager: SchemaMetadataManagerRef,
    pub(crate) max_parallelism: usize,
}

impl CompactionRequest {
    pub(crate) fn region_id(&self) -> RegionId {
        self.current_version.metadata.region_id
    }
}

/// Compaction scheduler tracks and manages compaction tasks.
pub(crate) struct CompactionScheduler {
    scheduler: SchedulerRef,
    /// Compacting regions.
    region_status: HashMap<RegionId, CompactionStatus>,
    /// Request sender of the worker that this scheduler belongs to.
    request_sender: Sender<WorkerRequestWithTime>,
    cache_manager: CacheManagerRef,
    engine_config: Arc<MitoConfig>,
    memory_manager: Arc<CompactionMemoryManager>,
    memory_policy: OnExhaustedPolicy,
    listener: WorkerListener,
    /// Plugins for the compaction scheduler.
    plugins: Plugins,
}

impl CompactionScheduler {
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub(crate) fn new(
        scheduler: SchedulerRef,
        request_sender: Sender<WorkerRequestWithTime>,
        cache_manager: CacheManagerRef,
        engine_config: Arc<MitoConfig>,
        listener: WorkerListener,
        plugins: Plugins,
        memory_manager: Arc<CompactionMemoryManager>,
        memory_policy: OnExhaustedPolicy,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            scheduler,
            region_status: HashMap::new(),
            request_sender,
            cache_manager,
            engine_config,
            memory_manager,
            memory_policy,
            listener,
            plugins,
        }
    }

    /// Schedules a compaction for the region.
    /// Returns whether a compaction is scheduled.
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub(crate) async fn schedule_compaction(
        &mut self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        compact_options: compact_request::Options,
        version_control: &VersionControlRef,
        access_layer: &AccessLayerRef,
        waiter: OptionOutputTx,
        manifest_ctx: &ManifestContextRef,
        schema_metadata_manager: SchemaMetadataManagerRef,
        max_parallelism: usize,
    ) -> Result<bool> {
        // skip compaction if region is in staging state
        let current_state = manifest_ctx.current_state();
        if current_state == RegionRoleState::Leader(RegionLeaderState::Staging) {
            info!(
                "Skipping compaction for region {} in staging mode, options: {:?}",
                region_id, compact_options
            );
            waiter.send(Ok(0));
            return Ok(false);
        }

        if let Some(status) = self.region_status.get_mut(&region_id) {
            match compact_options {
                Options::Regular(_) => {
                    // Region is compacting. Add the waiter to pending list.
                    status.merge_waiter(waiter);
                }
                options @ Options::StrictWindow(_) => {
                    // Incoming compaction request is manually triggered.
                    status.set_pending_request(PendingCompaction {
                        options,
                        waiter,
                        max_parallelism,
                    });
                    info!(
                        "Region {} is compacting, manually compaction will be re-scheduled.",
                        region_id
                    );
                }
            }
            return Ok(false);
        }

        // The region can compact directly.
        let mut status =
            CompactionStatus::new(region_id, version_control.clone(), access_layer.clone());
        let request = status.new_compaction_request(
            self.request_sender.clone(),
            waiter,
            self.engine_config.clone(),
            self.cache_manager.clone(),
            manifest_ctx,
            self.listener.clone(),
            schema_metadata_manager,
            max_parallelism,
        );

        match self
            .schedule_compaction_request(request, compact_options)
            .await
        {
            Ok(Some(active_compaction)) => {
                // Publish CompactionStatus only after a task has been accepted by the scheduler.
                // This avoids exposing a half-initialized region status that could collect pending
                // DDL/compaction state even though no compaction is actually running.
                status.active_compaction = Some(active_compaction);
                self.region_status.insert(region_id, status);

                self.listener.on_compaction_scheduled(region_id);
                Ok(true)
            }
            Ok(None) => Ok(false),
            Err(e) => Err(e),
        }
    }

    // Handle pending manual compaction request for the region.
    //
    // Returns true if should early return, false otherwise.
    pub(crate) async fn handle_pending_compaction_request(
        &mut self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        manifest_ctx: &ManifestContextRef,
        schema_metadata_manager: SchemaMetadataManagerRef,
    ) -> bool {
        let Some(status) = self.region_status.get_mut(&region_id) else {
            return true;
        };

        // If there is a pending manual compaction request, schedule it.
        // and defer returning the pending DDL requests to the caller.
        let Some(pending_request) = std::mem::take(&mut status.pending_request) else {
            return false;
        };

        let PendingCompaction {
            options,
            waiter,
            max_parallelism,
        } = pending_request;

        let request = {
            status.new_compaction_request(
                self.request_sender.clone(),
                waiter,
                self.engine_config.clone(),
                self.cache_manager.clone(),
                manifest_ctx,
                self.listener.clone(),
                schema_metadata_manager,
                max_parallelism,
            )
        };

        match self.schedule_compaction_request(request, options).await {
            Ok(Some(active_compaction)) => {
                let status = self.region_status.get_mut(&region_id).unwrap();
                status.active_compaction = Some(active_compaction);
                debug!(
                    "Successfully scheduled manual compaction for region id: {}",
                    region_id
                );
                true
            }
            Ok(None) => {
                // We still need to handle the pending DDL requests.
                // So we can't return early here.
                false
            }
            Err(e) => {
                error!(e; "Failed to continue pending manual compaction for region id: {}", region_id);
                self.remove_region_on_failure(region_id, Arc::new(e));
                true
            }
        }
    }

    /// Notifies the scheduler that the compaction job is finished successfully.
    pub(crate) async fn on_compaction_finished(
        &mut self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        manifest_ctx: &ManifestContextRef,
        schema_metadata_manager: SchemaMetadataManagerRef,
    ) -> Vec<SenderDdlRequest> {
        let Some(status) = self.region_status.get_mut(&region_id) else {
            return Vec::new();
        };
        status.clear_running_task();

        // If there a pending compaction request, handle it first
        // and defer returning the pending DDL requests to the caller.
        if self
            .handle_pending_compaction_request(
                region_id,
                manifest_ctx,
                schema_metadata_manager.clone(),
            )
            .await
        {
            return Vec::new();
        }

        let Some(status) = self.region_status.get_mut(&region_id) else {
            // The region status might be removed by the previous steps.
            // So we return empty DDL requests.
            return Vec::new();
        };

        for waiter in std::mem::take(&mut status.waiters) {
            waiter.send(Ok(0));
        }

        // If there are pending DDL requests, run them.
        let pending_ddl_requests = std::mem::take(&mut status.pending_ddl_requests);
        if !pending_ddl_requests.is_empty() {
            self.region_status.remove(&region_id);
            // If there are pending DDL requests, we should return them to the caller.
            // And skip try to schedule next compaction task.
            return pending_ddl_requests;
        }
        Vec::new()
    }

    pub(crate) fn is_compacting(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> bool {
        self.region_status
            .get(&region_id)
            .map(|status| status.active_compaction.is_some())
            .unwrap_or(false)
    }

    /// Schedules next compaction upon a finished compaction.
    /// Returns whether the compaction is scheduled.
    pub(crate) async fn schedule_next_compaction(
        &mut self,
        region_id: RegionId,
        manifest_ctx: &ManifestContextRef,
        schema_metadata_manager: SchemaMetadataManagerRef,
    ) -> bool {
        let Some(status) = self.region_status.get_mut(&region_id) else {
            return false;
        };

        // We should always try to compact the region until picker returns None.
        let request = status.new_compaction_request(
            self.request_sender.clone(),
            OptionOutputTx::none(),
            self.engine_config.clone(),
            self.cache_manager.clone(),
            manifest_ctx,
            self.listener.clone(),
            schema_metadata_manager,
            MAX_PARALLEL_COMPACTION,
        );

        // Try to schedule next compaction task for this region.
        match self
            .schedule_compaction_request(
                request,
                compact_request::Options::Regular(Default::default()),
            )
            .await
        {
            Ok(Some(active_compaction)) => {
                self.region_status
                    .get_mut(&region_id)
                    .unwrap()
                    .active_compaction = Some(active_compaction);
                debug!(
                    "Successfully scheduled next compaction for region id: {}",
                    region_id
                );
                true
            }
            Ok(None) => {
                // No further compaction tasks can be scheduled; cleanup the `CompactionStatus` for this region.
                // All DDL requests and pending compaction requests have already been processed.
                // Safe to remove the region from status tracking.
                self.region_status.remove(&region_id);
                false
            }
            Err(e) => {
                error!(e; "Failed to schedule next compaction for region {}", region_id);
                self.remove_region_on_failure(region_id, Arc::new(e));
                false
            }
        }
    }

    /// Notifies the scheduler that the compaction job is cancelled cooperatively.
    pub(crate) async fn on_compaction_cancelled(
        &mut self,
        region_id: RegionId,
    ) -> Vec<SenderDdlRequest> {
        self.remove_region_on_cancel(region_id)
    }

    /// Notifies the scheduler that the compaction job is failed.
    pub(crate) fn on_compaction_failed(&mut self, region_id: RegionId, err: Arc<Error>) {
        error!(err; "Region {} failed to compact, cancel all pending tasks", region_id);
        self.remove_region_on_failure(region_id, err);
    }

    /// Notifies the scheduler that the region is dropped.
    pub(crate) fn on_region_dropped(&mut self, region_id: RegionId) {
        self.remove_region_on_failure(
            region_id,
            Arc::new(RegionDroppedSnafu { region_id }.build()),
        );
    }

    /// Notifies the scheduler that the region is closed.
    pub(crate) fn on_region_closed(&mut self, region_id: RegionId) {
        self.remove_region_on_failure(region_id, Arc::new(RegionClosedSnafu { region_id }.build()));
    }

    /// Notifies the scheduler that the region is truncated.
    pub(crate) fn on_region_truncated(&mut self, region_id: RegionId) {
        self.remove_region_on_failure(
            region_id,
            Arc::new(RegionTruncatedSnafu { region_id }.build()),
        );
    }

    /// Add ddl request to pending queue.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    /// Panics if region didn't request compaction.
    pub(crate) fn add_ddl_request_to_pending(&mut self, request: SenderDdlRequest) {
        debug!(
            "Added pending DDL request for region: {}, ddl: {:?}",
            request.region_id, request.request
        );
        let status = self.region_status.get_mut(&request.region_id).unwrap();
        status.pending_ddl_requests.push(request);
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    pub(crate) fn has_pending_ddls(&self, region_id: RegionId) -> bool {
        let has_pending = self
            .region_status
            .get(&region_id)
            .map(|status| !status.pending_ddl_requests.is_empty())
            .unwrap_or(false);
        debug!(
            "Checked pending DDL requests for region: {}, has_pending: {}",
            region_id, has_pending
        );
        has_pending
    }

    pub(crate) fn request_cancel(&mut self, region_id: RegionId) -> RequestCancelResult {
        let Some(status) = self.region_status.get_mut(&region_id) else {
            return RequestCancelResult::NotRunning;
        };

        status.request_cancel()
    }

    /// Schedules a compaction request.
    ///
    /// Returns the active compaction state if the request is scheduled successfully.
    /// Returns `None` if no compaction task can be scheduled for this region.
    async fn schedule_compaction_request(
        &mut self,
        request: CompactionRequest,
        options: compact_request::Options,
    ) -> Result<Option<ActiveCompaction>> {
        let region_id = request.region_id();
        let (dynamic_compaction_opts, ttl) = find_dynamic_options(
            region_id,
            &request.current_version.options,
            &request.schema_metadata_manager,
        )
        .await
        .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
            warn!(e; "Failed to find dynamic options for region: {}", region_id);
            (
                request.current_version.options.compaction.clone(),
                request.current_version.options.ttl.unwrap_or_default(),
            )
        });

        let picker = new_picker(
            &options,
            &dynamic_compaction_opts,
            request.current_version.options.append_mode,
            Some(self.engine_config.max_background_compactions),
        );
        let region_id = request.region_id();
        let CompactionRequest {
            engine_config,
            current_version,
            access_layer,
            request_sender,
            waiters,
            start_time,
            cache_manager,
            manifest_ctx,
            listener,
            schema_metadata_manager: _,
            max_parallelism,
        } = request;

        debug!(
            "Pick compaction strategy {:?} for region: {}, ttl: {:?}",
            picker, region_id, ttl
        );

        let compaction_region = CompactionRegion {
            region_id,
            current_version: current_version.clone(),
            region_options: RegionOptions {
                compaction: dynamic_compaction_opts.clone(),
                ..current_version.options.clone()
            },
            engine_config: engine_config.clone(),
            region_metadata: current_version.metadata.clone(),
            cache_manager: cache_manager.clone(),
            access_layer: access_layer.clone(),
            manifest_ctx: manifest_ctx.clone(),
            file_purger: None,
            ttl: Some(ttl),
            max_parallelism,
            plugins: self.plugins.clone(),
        };

        let picker_output = {
            let _pick_timer = COMPACTION_STAGE_ELAPSED
                .with_label_values(&["pick"])
                .start_timer();
            picker.pick(&compaction_region)
        };

        let picker_output = if let Some(picker_output) = picker_output {
            picker_output
        } else {
            // Nothing to compact, we are done. Notifies all waiters as we consume the compaction request.
            for waiter in waiters {
                waiter.send(Ok(0));
            }
            return Ok(None);
        };

        // If specified to run compaction remotely, we schedule the compaction job remotely.
        // It will fall back to local compaction if there is no remote job scheduler.
        let waiters = if dynamic_compaction_opts.remote_compaction() {
            if let Some(remote_job_scheduler) = &self.plugins.get::<RemoteJobSchedulerRef>() {
                let remote_compaction_job = CompactionJob {
                    compaction_region: compaction_region.clone(),
                    picker_output: picker_output.clone(),
                    start_time,
                    waiters,
                    ttl,
                };

                let result = remote_job_scheduler
                    .schedule(
                        RemoteJob::CompactionJob(remote_compaction_job),
                        Box::new(DefaultNotifier {
                            request_sender: request_sender.clone(),
                        }),
                    )
                    .await;

                match result {
                    Ok(job_id) => {
                        info!(
                            "Scheduled remote compaction job {} for region {}",
                            job_id, region_id
                        );
                        INFLIGHT_COMPACTION_COUNT.inc();
                        return Ok(Some(ActiveCompaction::Remote));
                    }
                    Err(e) => {
                        if !dynamic_compaction_opts.fallback_to_local() {
                            error!(e; "Failed to schedule remote compaction job for region {}", region_id);
                            return RemoteCompactionSnafu {
                                region_id,
                                job_id: None,
                                reason: e.reason,
                            }
                            .fail();
                        }

                        error!(e; "Failed to schedule remote compaction job for region {}, fallback to local compaction", region_id);

                        // Return the waiters back to the caller for local compaction.
                        e.waiters
                    }
                }
            } else {
                debug!(
                    "Remote compaction is not enabled, fallback to local compaction for region {}",
                    region_id
                );
                waiters
            }
        } else {
            waiters
        };

        // Create a local compaction task.
        let estimated_bytes = estimate_compaction_bytes(&picker_output);

        let cancel_handle = Arc::new(CancellationHandle::default());
        let state = LocalCompactionState::new(cancel_handle.clone());
        let local_compaction_task = Box::new(CompactionTaskImpl {
            state: state.clone(),
            request_sender,
            waiters,
            start_time,
            listener,
            picker_output,
            compaction_region,
            compactor: Arc::new(DefaultCompactor::with_cancel_handle(cancel_handle.clone())),
            memory_manager: self.memory_manager.clone(),
            memory_policy: self.memory_policy,
            estimated_memory_bytes: estimated_bytes,
        });

        self.submit_compaction_task(local_compaction_task, region_id)
            .map(|_| Some(ActiveCompaction::Local { state }))
    }

    fn submit_compaction_task(
        &mut self,
        mut task: Box<CompactionTaskImpl>,
        region_id: RegionId,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.scheduler
            .schedule(Box::pin(async move {
                INFLIGHT_COMPACTION_COUNT.inc();
                task.run().await;
                INFLIGHT_COMPACTION_COUNT.dec();
            }))
            .inspect_err(
                |e| error!(e; "Failed to submit compaction request for region {}", region_id),
            )
    }

    fn remove_region_on_failure(&mut self, region_id: RegionId, err: Arc<Error>) {
        // Remove this region.
        let Some(status) = self.region_status.remove(&region_id) else {
            return;
        };

        // Notifies all pending tasks.
        status.on_failure(err);
    }

    fn remove_region_on_cancel(&mut self, region_id: RegionId) -> Vec<SenderDdlRequest> {
        let Some(status) = self.region_status.remove(&region_id) else {
            return Vec::new();
        };

        status.on_cancel()
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub(crate) struct LocalCompactionState {
    cancel_handle: Arc<CancellationHandle>,
    commit_started: Arc<Mutex<bool>>,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
enum ActiveCompaction {
    Local { state: LocalCompactionState },
    Remote,
}

impl LocalCompactionState {
    fn new(cancel_handle: Arc<CancellationHandle>) -> Self {
        Self {
            cancel_handle,
            commit_started: Arc::new(Mutex::new(false)),
        }
    }

    /// Returns the cancellation handle for this compaction task.
    pub(crate) fn cancel_handle(&self) -> Arc<CancellationHandle> {
        self.cancel_handle.clone()
    }

    /// Marks the compaction task as started to commit,
    /// which means the compaction task is in the final stage and is about to update region version and manifest.
    /// It will reject cancellation request after this method is called.
    ///
    /// Returns true if this is the first time to mark commit started, false otherwise.
    pub(crate) fn mark_commit_started(&self) -> bool {
        let mut commit_started = self.commit_started.lock().unwrap();
        if self.cancel_handle.is_cancelled() {
            return false;
        }
        *commit_started = true;
        true
    }

    /// Request cancellation for this compaction task.
    pub(crate) fn request_cancel(&self) -> RequestCancelResult {
        // The cancel handle must under the lock of `commit_started` to avoid racing between cancellation and commit.
        let commit_started = self.commit_started.lock().unwrap();
        if *commit_started {
            return RequestCancelResult::TooLateToCancel;
        }
        if self.cancel_handle.is_cancelled() {
            return RequestCancelResult::AlreadyCancelling;
        }

        self.cancel_handle.cancel();
        RequestCancelResult::CancelIssued
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub(crate) enum RequestCancelResult {
    CancelIssued,
    AlreadyCancelling,
    TooLateToCancel,
    NotRunning,
}

impl Drop for CompactionScheduler {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        for (region_id, status) in self.region_status.drain() {
            // We are shutting down so notify all pending tasks.
            status.on_failure(Arc::new(RegionClosedSnafu { region_id }.build()));
        }
    }
}

/// Finds compaction options and TTL together with a single metadata fetch to reduce RTT.
async fn find_dynamic_options(
    region_id: RegionId,
    region_options: &crate::region::options::RegionOptions,
    schema_metadata_manager: &SchemaMetadataManagerRef,
) -> Result<(crate::region::options::CompactionOptions, TimeToLive)> {
    let table_id = region_id.table_id();
    if let (true, Some(ttl)) = (region_options.compaction_override, region_options.ttl) {
        debug!(
            "Use region options directly for table {}: compaction={:?}, ttl={:?}",
            table_id, region_options.compaction, region_options.ttl
        );
        return Ok((region_options.compaction.clone(), ttl));
    }

    let db_options = tokio::time::timeout(
        crate::config::FETCH_OPTION_TIMEOUT,
        schema_metadata_manager.get_schema_options_by_table_id(table_id),
    )
    .await
    .context(TimeoutSnafu)?
    .context(GetSchemaMetadataSnafu)?;

    let ttl = if let Some(ttl) = region_options.ttl {
        debug!(
            "Use region TTL directly for table {}: ttl={:?}",
            table_id, region_options.ttl
        );
        ttl
    } else {
        db_options
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|options| options.ttl)
            .unwrap_or_default()
            .into()
    };

    let compaction = if !region_options.compaction_override {
        if let Some(schema_opts) = db_options {
            let map: HashMap<String, String> = schema_opts
                .extra_options
                .iter()
                .filter_map(|(k, v)| {
                    if k.starts_with("compaction.") {
                        Some((k.clone(), v.clone()))
                    } else {
                        None
                    }
                })
                .collect();
            if map.is_empty() {
                region_options.compaction.clone()
            } else {
                crate::region::options::RegionOptions::try_from_options(region_id, &map)
                    .map(|o| o.compaction)
                    .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                        error!(e; "Failed to create RegionOptions from map");
                        region_options.compaction.clone()
                    })
            }
        } else {
            debug!(
                "DB options is None for table {}, use region compaction: compaction={:?}",
                table_id, region_options.compaction
            );
            region_options.compaction.clone()
        }
    } else {
        debug!(
            "No schema options for table {}, use region compaction: compaction={:?}",
            table_id, region_options.compaction
        );
        region_options.compaction.clone()
    };

    debug!(
        "Resolved dynamic options for table {}: compaction={:?}, ttl={:?}",
        table_id, compaction, ttl
    );
    Ok((compaction, ttl))
}

/// Status of running and pending region compaction tasks.
struct CompactionStatus {
    /// Id of the region.
    region_id: RegionId,
    /// Version control of the region.
    version_control: VersionControlRef,
    /// Access layer of the region.
    access_layer: AccessLayerRef,
    /// Pending waiters for compaction.
    waiters: Vec<OutputTx>,
    /// Pending compactions that are supposed to run as soon as current compaction task finished.
    pending_request: Option<PendingCompaction>,
    /// Pending DDL requests that should run when compaction is done.
    pending_ddl_requests: Vec<SenderDdlRequest>,
    /// Active compaction state.
    active_compaction: Option<ActiveCompaction>,
}

impl CompactionStatus {
    /// Creates a new [CompactionStatus]
    fn new(
        region_id: RegionId,
        version_control: VersionControlRef,
        access_layer: AccessLayerRef,
    ) -> CompactionStatus {
        CompactionStatus {
            region_id,
            version_control,
            access_layer,
            waiters: Vec::new(),
            pending_request: None,
            pending_ddl_requests: Vec::new(),
            active_compaction: None,
        }
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    fn start_local_task(&mut self) -> LocalCompactionState {
        let state = LocalCompactionState::new(Arc::new(CancellationHandle::default()));
        self.active_compaction = Some(ActiveCompaction::Local {
            state: state.clone(),
        });
        state
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    fn start_remote_task(&mut self) {
        self.active_compaction = Some(ActiveCompaction::Remote);
    }

    fn request_cancel(&mut self) -> RequestCancelResult {
        let Some(active_compaction) = &self.active_compaction else {
            return RequestCancelResult::NotRunning;
        };

        match active_compaction {
            ActiveCompaction::Local { state, .. } => state.request_cancel(),
            ActiveCompaction::Remote => RequestCancelResult::TooLateToCancel,
        }
    }

    fn clear_running_task(&mut self) -> bool {
        self.active_compaction.take().is_some()
    }

    /// Merge the waiter to the pending compaction.
    fn merge_waiter(&mut self, mut waiter: OptionOutputTx) {
        if let Some(waiter) = waiter.take_inner() {
            self.waiters.push(waiter);
        }
    }

    /// Set pending compaction request or replace current value if already exist.
    fn set_pending_request(&mut self, pending: PendingCompaction) {
        if let Some(prev) = self.pending_request.replace(pending) {
            debug!(
                "Replace pending compaction options with new request {:?} for region: {}",
                prev.options, self.region_id
            );
            prev.waiter.send(ManualCompactionOverrideSnafu.fail());
        }
    }

    fn on_failure(mut self, err: Arc<Error>) {
        for waiter in self.waiters.drain(..) {
            waiter.send(Err(err.clone()).context(CompactRegionSnafu {
                region_id: self.region_id,
            }));
        }

        if let Some(pending_compaction) = self.pending_request {
            pending_compaction
                .waiter
                .send(Err(err.clone()).context(CompactRegionSnafu {
                    region_id: self.region_id,
                }));
        }

        for pending_ddl in self.pending_ddl_requests {
            pending_ddl
                .sender
                .send(Err(err.clone()).context(CompactRegionSnafu {
                    region_id: self.region_id,
                }));
        }
    }

    #[must_use]
    fn on_cancel(mut self) -> Vec<SenderDdlRequest> {
        for waiter in self.waiters.drain(..) {
            waiter.send(CompactionCancelledSnafu.fail());
        }

        if let Some(pending_compaction) = self.pending_request {
            pending_compaction.waiter.send(
                Err(Arc::new(CompactionCancelledSnafu.build())).context(CompactRegionSnafu {
                    region_id: self.region_id,
                }),
            );
        }

        std::mem::take(&mut self.pending_ddl_requests)
    }

    /// Creates a new compaction request for compaction picker.
    ///
    /// It consumes all pending compaction waiters.
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    fn new_compaction_request(
        &mut self,
        request_sender: Sender<WorkerRequestWithTime>,
        mut waiter: OptionOutputTx,
        engine_config: Arc<MitoConfig>,
        cache_manager: CacheManagerRef,
        manifest_ctx: &ManifestContextRef,
        listener: WorkerListener,
        schema_metadata_manager: SchemaMetadataManagerRef,
        max_parallelism: usize,
    ) -> CompactionRequest {
        let current_version = CompactionVersion::from(self.version_control.current().version);
        let start_time = Instant::now();
        let mut waiters = Vec::with_capacity(self.waiters.len() + 1);
        waiters.extend(std::mem::take(&mut self.waiters));

        if let Some(waiter) = waiter.take_inner() {
            waiters.push(waiter);
        }

        CompactionRequest {
            engine_config,
            current_version,
            access_layer: self.access_layer.clone(),
            request_sender: request_sender.clone(),
            waiters,
            start_time,
            cache_manager,
            manifest_ctx: manifest_ctx.clone(),
            listener,
            schema_metadata_manager,
            max_parallelism,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct CompactionOutput {
    /// Compaction output file level.
    pub output_level: Level,
    /// Compaction input files.
    pub inputs: Vec<FileHandle>,
    /// Whether to remove deletion markers.
    pub filter_deleted: bool,
    /// Compaction output time range. Only windowed compaction specifies output time range.
    pub output_time_range: Option<TimestampRange>,
}

/// SerializedCompactionOutput is a serialized version of [CompactionOutput] by replacing [FileHandle] with [FileMeta].
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct SerializedCompactionOutput {
    output_level: Level,
    inputs: Vec<FileMeta>,
    filter_deleted: bool,
    output_time_range: Option<TimestampRange>,
}

/// Builders to create [BoxedRecordBatchStream] for compaction.
struct CompactionSstReaderBuilder<'a> {
    metadata: RegionMetadataRef,
    sst_layer: AccessLayerRef,
    cache: CacheManagerRef,
    inputs: &'a [FileHandle],
    append_mode: bool,
    filter_deleted: bool,
    time_range: Option<TimestampRange>,
    merge_mode: MergeMode,
}

impl CompactionSstReaderBuilder<'_> {
    /// Build a [FlatSource] that yields Arrow `RecordBatch`s from reading all the input SST files,
    /// for compaction. The schema of the [FlatSource] is unified.
    async fn build_flat_sst_reader(self) -> Result<FlatSource> {
        let scan_input = self.build_scan_input().await?.with_compaction(true);

        let schema = scan_input.mapper.output_schema();
        let schema = schema.arrow_schema();

        let stream = SeqScan::new(scan_input)
            .build_flat_reader_for_compaction()
            .await?;
        Ok(FlatSource::new_stream(schema.clone(), stream))
    }

    async fn build_scan_input(self) -> Result<ScanInput> {
        let schema = self.metadata.schema.arrow_schema();
        let json_type_hint = if schema.fields().iter().any(is_structured_json_field) {
            let mut json_type_hint = schema
                .fields()
                .iter()
                .filter(|&field| is_structured_json_field(field))
                .map(|field| (field.name().clone(), JsonNativeType::Null))
                .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();

            let schemas = self.collect_arrow_schemas_from_parquet().await?;
            for schema in schemas {
                for field in schema.fields() {
                    let Some(merged) = json_type_hint.get_mut(field.name()) else {
                        continue;
                    };

                    let json_type = JsonNativeType::try_from(field.data_type())
                        .context(DataTypeMismatchSnafu)?;
                    merged.merge(&json_type);
                }
            }

            Some(json_type_hint)
        } else {
            None
        };

        let projection = (0..self.metadata.column_metadatas.len()).collect();
        let read_columns = ReadColumns::from_deduped_column_ids(
            self.metadata.column_metadatas.iter().map(|x| x.column_id),
        );
        let mapper = FlatProjectionMapper::new_with_read_columns(
            &self.metadata,
            projection,
            read_columns,
            json_type_hint.as_ref(),
        )?;

        let mut scan_input = ScanInput::new(self.sst_layer, mapper)
            .with_files(self.inputs.to_vec())
            .with_append_mode(self.append_mode)
            // We use special cache strategy for compaction.
            .with_cache(CacheStrategy::Compaction(self.cache))
            .with_filter_deleted(self.filter_deleted)
            // We ignore file not found error during compaction.
            .with_ignore_file_not_found(true)
            .with_merge_mode(self.merge_mode);

        // This serves as a workaround of https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb/issues/3944
        // by converting time ranges into predicate.
        if let Some(time_range) = self.time_range {
            scan_input =
                scan_input.with_predicate(time_range_to_predicate(time_range, &self.metadata)?);
        }

        Ok(scan_input)
    }

    async fn collect_arrow_schemas_from_parquet(&self) -> Result<Vec<Schema>> {
        let mut schemas = Vec::with_capacity(self.inputs.len());

        for file_handle in self.inputs {
            let file_path =
                file_handle.file_path(self.sst_layer.table_dir(), self.sst_layer.path_type());
            let file_size = file_handle.meta_ref().file_size;
            let parquet_metadata = match self
                .sst_layer
                .read_sst(file_handle.clone())
                .cache(CacheStrategy::Compaction(self.cache.clone()))
                .read_parquet_metadata(
                    &file_path,
                    file_size,
                    &mut MetadataCacheMetrics::default(),
                    PageIndexPolicy::default(),
                )
                .await
                .map(|x| x.0.parquet_metadata())
            {
                Ok(x) => x,
                Err(e) if e.is_object_not_found() => continue,
                Err(e) => return Err(e),
            };
            let file_metadata = parquet_metadata.file_metadata();

            let schema = parquet_to_arrow_schema(
                file_metadata.schema_descr(),
                file_metadata.key_value_metadata(),
            )
            .context(ParquetToArrowSchemaSnafu { file: file_path })?;

            schemas.push(schema);
        }
        Ok(schemas)
    }
}

/// Converts time range to predicates so that rows outside the range will be filtered.
fn time_range_to_predicate(
    range: TimestampRange,
    metadata: &RegionMetadataRef,
) -> Result<PredicateGroup> {
    let ts_col = metadata.time_index_column();

    // safety: time index column's type must be a valid timestamp type.
    let ts_col_unit = ts_col
        .column_schema
        .data_type
        .as_timestamp()
        .unwrap()
        .unit();

    let exprs = match (range.start(), range.end()) {
        (Some(start), Some(end)) => {
            vec![
                datafusion_expr::col(ts_col.column_schema.name.clone())
                    .gt_eq(ts_to_lit(*start, ts_col_unit)?),
                datafusion_expr::col(ts_col.column_schema.name.clone())
                    .lt(ts_to_lit(*end, ts_col_unit)?),
            ]
        }
        (Some(start), None) => {
            vec![
                datafusion_expr::col(ts_col.column_schema.name.clone())
                    .gt_eq(ts_to_lit(*start, ts_col_unit)?),
            ]
        }

        (None, Some(end)) => {
            vec![
                datafusion_expr::col(ts_col.column_schema.name.clone())
                    .lt(ts_to_lit(*end, ts_col_unit)?),
            ]
        }
        (None, None) => {
            return Ok(PredicateGroup::default());
        }
    };

    let predicate = PredicateGroup::new(metadata, &exprs)?;
    Ok(predicate)
}

fn ts_to_lit(ts: Timestamp, ts_col_unit: TimeUnit) -> Result<Expr> {
    let ts = ts
        .convert_to(ts_col_unit)
        .context(TimeRangePredicateOverflowSnafu {
            timestamp: ts,
            unit: ts_col_unit,
        })?;
    let val = ts.value();
    let scalar_value = match ts_col_unit {
        TimeUnit::Second => ScalarValue::TimestampSecond(Some(val), None),
        TimeUnit::Millisecond => ScalarValue::TimestampMillisecond(Some(val), None),
        TimeUnit::Microsecond => ScalarValue::TimestampMicrosecond(Some(val), None),
        TimeUnit::Nanosecond => ScalarValue::TimestampNanosecond(Some(val), None),
    };
    Ok(datafusion_expr::lit(scalar_value))
}

/// Finds all expired SSTs across levels.
fn get_expired_ssts(
    levels: &[LevelMeta],
    ttl: Option<TimeToLive>,
    now: Timestamp,
) -> Vec<FileHandle> {
    let Some(ttl) = ttl else {
        return vec![];
    };

    levels
        .iter()
        .flat_map(|l| l.get_expired_files(&now, &ttl).into_iter())
        .collect()
}

/// Estimates compaction memory as the sum of all input files' maximum row-group
/// uncompressed sizes.
fn estimate_compaction_bytes(picker_output: &PickerOutput) -> u64 {
    picker_output
        .outputs
        .iter()
        .flat_map(|output| output.inputs.iter())
        .map(|file: &FileHandle| {
            let meta = file.meta_ref();
            meta.max_row_group_uncompressed_size
        })
        .sum()
}

/// Pending compaction request that is supposed to run after current task is finished,
/// typically used for manual compactions.
struct PendingCompaction {
    /// Compaction options. Currently, it can only be [StrictWindow].
    pub(crate) options: compact_request::Options,
    /// Waiters of pending requests.
    pub(crate) waiter: OptionOutputTx,
    /// Max parallelism for pending compaction.
    pub(crate) max_parallelism: usize,
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use std::assert_matches;
    use std::time::Duration;

    use api::v1::region::StrictWindow;
    use common_datasource::compression::CompressionType;
    use common_meta::key::schema_name::SchemaNameValue;
    use common_time::DatabaseTimeToLive;
    use tokio::sync::{Barrier, oneshot};

    use super::*;
    use crate::compaction::memory_manager::{CompactionMemoryGuard, new_compaction_memory_manager};
    use crate::error::InvalidSchedulerStateSnafu;
    use crate::manifest::manager::{RegionManifestManager, RegionManifestOptions};
    use crate::region::ManifestContext;
    use crate::schedule::scheduler::{Job, Scheduler};
    use crate::sst::FormatType;
    use crate::test_util::mock_schema_metadata_manager;
    use crate::test_util::scheduler_util::{SchedulerEnv, VecScheduler};
    use crate::test_util::version_util::{VersionControlBuilder, apply_edit};

    struct FailingScheduler;

    #[async_trait::async_trait]
    impl Scheduler for FailingScheduler {
        fn schedule(&self, _job: Job) -> Result<()> {
            InvalidSchedulerStateSnafu.fail()
        }

        async fn stop(&self, _await_termination: bool) -> Result<()> {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_find_compaction_options_db_level() {
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await;
        let builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let (schema_metadata_manager, kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();
        let region_id = builder.region_id();
        let table_id = region_id.table_id();
        // Register table without ttl but with db-level compaction options
        let mut schema_value = SchemaNameValue {
            ttl: Some(DatabaseTimeToLive::default()),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        schema_value
            .extra_options
            .insert("compaction.type".to_string(), "twcs".to_string());
        schema_value
            .extra_options
            .insert("compaction.twcs.time_window".to_string(), "2h".to_string());
        schema_metadata_manager
            .register_region_table_info(
                table_id,
                "t",
                "c",
                "s",
                Some(schema_value),
                kv_backend.clone(),
            )
            .await;

        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
        let region_opts = version_control.current().version.options.clone();
        let (opts, _) = find_dynamic_options(region_id, &region_opts, &schema_metadata_manager)
            .await
            .unwrap();
        match opts {
            crate::region::options::CompactionOptions::Twcs(t) => {
                assert_eq!(t.time_window_seconds(), Some(2 * 3600));
            }
        }
        let manifest_ctx = env
            .mock_manifest_context(version_control.current().version.metadata.clone())
            .await;
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let (otx, _orx) = oneshot::channel();
        let request = scheduler
            .region_status
            .entry(region_id)
            .or_insert_with(|| {
                crate::compaction::CompactionStatus::new(
                    region_id,
                    version_control.clone(),
                    env.access_layer.clone(),
                )
            })
            .new_compaction_request(
                scheduler.request_sender.clone(),
                OptionOutputTx::new(Some(OutputTx::new(otx))),
                scheduler.engine_config.clone(),
                scheduler.cache_manager.clone(),
                &manifest_ctx,
                scheduler.listener.clone(),
                schema_metadata_manager.clone(),
                1,
            );
        scheduler
            .schedule_compaction_request(
                request,
                compact_request::Options::Regular(Default::default()),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_find_compaction_options_priority() {
        fn schema_value_with_twcs(time_window: &str) -> SchemaNameValue {
            let mut schema_value = SchemaNameValue {
                ttl: Some(DatabaseTimeToLive::default()),
                ..Default::default()
            };
            schema_value
                .extra_options
                .insert("compaction.type".to_string(), "twcs".to_string());
            schema_value.extra_options.insert(
                "compaction.twcs.time_window".to_string(),
                time_window.to_string(),
            );
            schema_value
        }

        let cases = [
            (
                "db options set and table override set",
                Some(schema_value_with_twcs("2h")),
                true,
                Some(Duration::from_secs(5 * 3600)),
                Some(5 * 3600),
            ),
            (
                "db options set and table override not set",
                Some(schema_value_with_twcs("2h")),
                false,
                None,
                Some(2 * 3600),
            ),
            (
                "db options not set and table override set",
                None,
                true,
                Some(Duration::from_secs(4 * 3600)),
                Some(4 * 3600),
            ),
            (
                "db options not set and table override not set",
                None,
                false,
                None,
                None,
            ),
        ];

        for (case_name, schema_value, override_set, table_window, expected_window) in cases {
            let builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
            let (schema_metadata_manager, kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();
            let region_id = builder.region_id();
            let table_id = region_id.table_id();
            schema_metadata_manager
                .register_region_table_info(
                    table_id,
                    "t",
                    "c",
                    "s",
                    schema_value,
                    kv_backend.clone(),
                )
                .await;

            let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
            let mut region_opts = version_control.current().version.options.clone();
            region_opts.compaction_override = override_set;
            if let Some(window) = table_window {
                let crate::region::options::CompactionOptions::Twcs(twcs) =
                    &mut region_opts.compaction;
                twcs.time_window = Some(window);
            }

            let (opts, _) = find_dynamic_options(region_id, &region_opts, &schema_metadata_manager)
                .await
                .unwrap();
            match opts {
                crate::region::options::CompactionOptions::Twcs(t) => {
                    assert_eq!(t.time_window_seconds(), expected_window, "{case_name}");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_schedule_empty() {
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await;
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let mut builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let (schema_metadata_manager, kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();
        schema_metadata_manager
            .register_region_table_info(
                builder.region_id().table_id(),
                "test_table",
                "test_catalog",
                "test_schema",
                None,
                kv_backend,
            )
            .await;
        // Nothing to compact.
        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
        let (output_tx, output_rx) = oneshot::channel();
        let waiter = OptionOutputTx::from(output_tx);
        let manifest_ctx = env
            .mock_manifest_context(version_control.current().version.metadata.clone())
            .await;
        let scheduled = scheduler
            .schedule_compaction(
                builder.region_id(),
                compact_request::Options::Regular(Default::default()),
                &version_control,
                &env.access_layer,
                waiter,
                &manifest_ctx,
                schema_metadata_manager.clone(),
                1,
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert!(!scheduled);
        let output = output_rx.await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(output, 0);
        assert!(scheduler.region_status.is_empty());

        // Only one file, picker won't compact it.
        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.push_l0_file(0, 1000).build());
        let (output_tx, output_rx) = oneshot::channel();
        let waiter = OptionOutputTx::from(output_tx);
        let scheduled = scheduler
            .schedule_compaction(
                builder.region_id(),
                compact_request::Options::Regular(Default::default()),
                &version_control,
                &env.access_layer,
                waiter,
                &manifest_ctx,
                schema_metadata_manager,
                1,
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert!(!scheduled);
        let output = output_rx.await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(output, 0);
        assert!(scheduler.region_status.is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_schedule_compaction_returns_true_when_task_scheduled() {
        let job_scheduler = Arc::new(VecScheduler::default());
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await.scheduler(job_scheduler.clone());
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let mut builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let region_id = builder.region_id();
        let end = 1000 * 1000;
        // Five overlapping L0 files are enough for the regular picker to create a task.
        let version_control = Arc::new(
            builder
                .push_l0_file(0, end)
                .push_l0_file(10, end)
                .push_l0_file(50, end)
                .push_l0_file(80, end)
                .push_l0_file(90, end)
                .build(),
        );
        let manifest_ctx = env
            .mock_manifest_context(version_control.current().version.metadata.clone())
            .await;
        let (schema_metadata_manager, kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();
        schema_metadata_manager
            .register_region_table_info(
                region_id.table_id(),
                "test_table",
                "test_catalog",
                "test_schema",
                None,
                kv_backend,
            )
            .await;

        let scheduled = scheduler
            .schedule_compaction(
                region_id,
                Options::Regular(Default::default()),
                &version_control,
                &env.access_layer,
                OptionOutputTx::none(),
                &manifest_ctx,
                schema_metadata_manager,
                1,
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();

        // The boolean result is what the worker uses to decide whether to update
        // last_schedule_compaction_millis.
        assert!(scheduled);
        assert_eq!(1, job_scheduler.num_jobs());
        assert!(scheduler.region_status.contains_key(&region_id));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_schedule_on_finished() {
        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
        let job_scheduler = Arc::new(VecScheduler::default());
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await.scheduler(job_scheduler.clone());
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let mut builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let purger = builder.file_purger();
        let region_id = builder.region_id();

        let (schema_metadata_manager, kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();
        schema_metadata_manager
            .register_region_table_info(
                builder.region_id().table_id(),
                "test_table",
                "test_catalog",
                "test_schema",
                None,
                kv_backend,
            )
            .await;

        // 5 files to compact.
        let end = 1000 * 1000;
        let version_control = Arc::new(
            builder
                .push_l0_file(0, end)
                .push_l0_file(10, end)
                .push_l0_file(50, end)
                .push_l0_file(80, end)
                .push_l0_file(90, end)
                .build(),
        );
        let manifest_ctx = env
            .mock_manifest_context(version_control.current().version.metadata.clone())
            .await;
        let scheduled = scheduler
            .schedule_compaction(
                region_id,
                compact_request::Options::Regular(Default::default()),
                &version_control,
                &env.access_layer,
                OptionOutputTx::none(),
                &manifest_ctx,
                schema_metadata_manager.clone(),
                1,
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        // Should schedule 1 compaction.
        assert!(scheduled);
        assert_eq!(1, scheduler.region_status.len());
        assert_eq!(1, job_scheduler.num_jobs());
        let data = version_control.current();
        let file_metas: Vec<_> = data.version.ssts.levels()[0]
            .files
            .values()
            .map(|file| file.meta_ref().clone())
            .collect();

        // 5 files for next compaction and removes old files.
        apply_edit(
            &version_control,
            &[(0, end), (20, end), (40, end), (60, end), (80, end)],
            &file_metas,
            purger.clone(),
        );
        // The task is pending.
        let (tx, _rx) = oneshot::channel();
        let scheduled = scheduler
            .schedule_compaction(
                region_id,
                compact_request::Options::Regular(Default::default()),
                &version_control,
                &env.access_layer,
                OptionOutputTx::new(Some(OutputTx::new(tx))),
                &manifest_ctx,
                schema_metadata_manager.clone(),
                1,
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert!(!scheduled);
        assert_eq!(1, scheduler.region_status.len());
        assert_eq!(1, job_scheduler.num_jobs());
        assert!(
            !scheduler
                .region_status
                .get(&builder.region_id())
                .unwrap()
                .waiters
                .is_empty()
        );

        // On compaction finished and schedule next compaction.
        scheduler
            .on_compaction_finished(region_id, &manifest_ctx, schema_metadata_manager.clone())
            .await;
        let scheduled = scheduler
            .schedule_next_compaction(region_id, &manifest_ctx, schema_metadata_manager.clone())
            .await;
        assert!(scheduled);
        assert_eq!(1, scheduler.region_status.len());
        assert_eq!(2, job_scheduler.num_jobs());

        // 5 files for next compaction.
        apply_edit(
            &version_control,
            &[(0, end), (20, end), (40, end), (60, end), (80, end)],
            &[],
            purger.clone(),
        );
        let (tx, _rx) = oneshot::channel();
        // The task is pending.
        let scheduled = scheduler
            .schedule_compaction(
                region_id,
                compact_request::Options::Regular(Default::default()),
                &version_control,
                &env.access_layer,
                OptionOutputTx::new(Some(OutputTx::new(tx))),
                &manifest_ctx,
                schema_metadata_manager,
                1,
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert!(!scheduled);
        assert_eq!(2, job_scheduler.num_jobs());
        assert!(
            !scheduler
                .region_status
                .get(&builder.region_id())
                .unwrap()
                .waiters
                .is_empty()
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_schedule_compaction_does_not_publish_status_when_schedule_fails() {
        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new()
            .await
            .scheduler(Arc::new(FailingScheduler));
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let mut builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let end = 1000 * 1000;
        let version_control = Arc::new(
            builder
                .push_l0_file(0, end)
                .push_l0_file(10, end)
                .push_l0_file(50, end)
                .push_l0_file(80, end)
                .push_l0_file(90, end)
                .build(),
        );
        let region_id = builder.region_id();
        let manifest_ctx = env
            .mock_manifest_context(version_control.current().version.metadata.clone())
            .await;
        let (schema_metadata_manager, kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();
        schema_metadata_manager
            .register_region_table_info(
                builder.region_id().table_id(),
                "test_table",
                "test_catalog",
                "test_schema",
                None,
                kv_backend,
            )
            .await;

        let result = scheduler
            .schedule_compaction(
                region_id,
                compact_request::Options::Regular(Default::default()),
                &version_control,
                &env.access_layer,
                OptionOutputTx::none(),
                &manifest_ctx,
                schema_metadata_manager,
                1,
            )
            .await;

        assert!(result.is_err());
        assert!(!scheduler.region_status.contains_key(&region_id));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_manual_compaction_when_compaction_in_progress() {
        common_telemetry::init_default_ut_logging();
        let job_scheduler = Arc::new(VecScheduler::default());
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await.scheduler(job_scheduler.clone());
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let mut builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let purger = builder.file_purger();
        let region_id = builder.region_id();

        let (schema_metadata_manager, kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();
        schema_metadata_manager
            .register_region_table_info(
                builder.region_id().table_id(),
                "test_table",
                "test_catalog",
                "test_schema",
                None,
                kv_backend,
            )
            .await;

        // 5 files to compact.
        let end = 1000 * 1000;
        let version_control = Arc::new(
            builder
                .push_l0_file(0, end)
                .push_l0_file(10, end)
                .push_l0_file(50, end)
                .push_l0_file(80, end)
                .push_l0_file(90, end)
                .build(),
        );
        let manifest_ctx = env
            .mock_manifest_context(version_control.current().version.metadata.clone())
            .await;

        let file_metas: Vec<_> = version_control.current().version.ssts.levels()[0]
            .files
            .values()
            .map(|file| file.meta_ref().clone())
            .collect();

        // 5 files for next compaction and removes old files.
        apply_edit(
            &version_control,
            &[(0, end), (20, end), (40, end), (60, end), (80, end)],
            &file_metas,
            purger.clone(),
        );

        scheduler
            .schedule_compaction(
                region_id,
                compact_request::Options::Regular(Default::default()),
                &version_control,
                &env.access_layer,
                OptionOutputTx::none(),
                &manifest_ctx,
                schema_metadata_manager.clone(),
                1,
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        // Should schedule 1 compaction.
        assert_eq!(1, scheduler.region_status.len());
        assert_eq!(1, job_scheduler.num_jobs());
        assert!(
            scheduler
                .region_status
                .get(&region_id)
                .unwrap()
                .pending_request
                .is_none()
        );

        // Schedule another manual compaction.
        let (tx, _rx) = oneshot::channel();
        scheduler
            .schedule_compaction(
                region_id,
                compact_request::Options::StrictWindow(StrictWindow { window_seconds: 60 }),
                &version_control,
                &env.access_layer,
                OptionOutputTx::new(Some(OutputTx::new(tx))),
                &manifest_ctx,
                schema_metadata_manager.clone(),
                1,
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(1, scheduler.region_status.len());
        // Current job num should be 1 since compaction is in progress.
        assert_eq!(1, job_scheduler.num_jobs());
        let status = scheduler.region_status.get(&builder.region_id()).unwrap();
        assert!(status.pending_request.is_some());

        // On compaction finished and schedule next compaction.
        scheduler
            .on_compaction_finished(region_id, &manifest_ctx, schema_metadata_manager.clone())
            .await;
        assert_eq!(1, scheduler.region_status.len());
        assert_eq!(2, job_scheduler.num_jobs());

        let status = scheduler.region_status.get(&builder.region_id()).unwrap();
        assert!(status.pending_request.is_none());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_compaction_bypass_in_staging_mode() {
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await;
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);

        // Create version control and manifest context for staging mode
        let builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
        let region_id = version_control.current().version.metadata.region_id;

        // Create staging manifest context using the same pattern as SchedulerEnv
        let staging_manifest_ctx = {
            let manager = RegionManifestManager::new(
                version_control.current().version.metadata.clone(),
                0,
                RegionManifestOptions {
                    manifest_dir: "".to_string(),
                    object_store: env.access_layer.object_store().clone(),
                    compress_type: CompressionType::Uncompressed,
                    checkpoint_distance: 10,
                    remove_file_options: Default::default(),
                    manifest_cache: None,
                },
                FormatType::PrimaryKey,
                &Default::default(),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
            Arc::new(ManifestContext::new(
                manager,
                RegionRoleState::Leader(RegionLeaderState::Staging),
                None,
            ))
        };

        let (schema_metadata_manager, _kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();

        // Test regular compaction bypass in staging mode
        let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
        scheduler
            .schedule_compaction(
                region_id,
                compact_request::Options::Regular(Default::default()),
                &version_control,
                &env.access_layer,
                OptionOutputTx::new(Some(OutputTx::new(tx))),
                &staging_manifest_ctx,
                schema_metadata_manager,
                1,
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let result = rx.await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(result.unwrap(), 0); // is there a better way to check this?
        assert_eq!(0, scheduler.region_status.len());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_add_ddl_request_to_pending() {
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await;
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
        let region_id = builder.region_id();

        scheduler.region_status.insert(
            region_id,
            CompactionStatus::new(region_id, version_control, env.access_layer.clone()),
        );
        scheduler
            .region_status
            .get_mut(&region_id)
            .unwrap()
            .start_local_task();

        let (output_tx, _output_rx) = oneshot::channel();
        scheduler.add_ddl_request_to_pending(SenderDdlRequest {
            region_id,
            sender: OptionOutputTx::from(output_tx),
            request: crate::request::DdlRequest::EnterStaging(
                store_api::region_request::EnterStagingRequest {
                    partition_directive:
                        store_api::region_request::StagingPartitionDirective::RejectAllWrites,
                },
            ),
        });

        assert!(scheduler.has_pending_ddls(region_id));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_request_cancel_state_transitions() {
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await;
        let builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let region_id = builder.region_id();
        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
        let mut status =
            CompactionStatus::new(region_id, version_control, env.access_layer.clone());
        let state = status.start_local_task();

        assert_eq!(status.request_cancel(), RequestCancelResult::CancelIssued);
        assert!(state.cancel_handle().is_cancelled());
        assert_eq!(
            status.request_cancel(),
            RequestCancelResult::AlreadyCancelling
        );

        assert!(!state.mark_commit_started());
        assert_eq!(
            status.request_cancel(),
            RequestCancelResult::AlreadyCancelling
        );

        assert!(status.clear_running_task());
        assert_eq!(status.request_cancel(), RequestCancelResult::NotRunning);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_request_cancel_remote_compaction_is_too_late() {
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await;
        let builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let region_id = builder.region_id();
        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
        let mut status =
            CompactionStatus::new(region_id, version_control, env.access_layer.clone());

        status.start_remote_task();

        assert_eq!(
            status.request_cancel(),
            RequestCancelResult::TooLateToCancel
        );
        assert!(status.active_compaction.is_some());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_on_compaction_cancelled_returns_pending_ddl_requests() {
        let job_scheduler = Arc::new(VecScheduler::default());
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await.scheduler(job_scheduler.clone());
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
        let region_id = builder.region_id();
        let _manifest_ctx = env
            .mock_manifest_context(version_control.current().version.metadata.clone())
            .await;
        let (_schema_metadata_manager, _kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();

        scheduler.region_status.insert(
            region_id,
            CompactionStatus::new(region_id, version_control, env.access_layer.clone()),
        );
        scheduler
            .region_status
            .get_mut(&region_id)
            .unwrap()
            .start_local_task();

        let (output_tx, _output_rx) = oneshot::channel();
        scheduler.add_ddl_request_to_pending(SenderDdlRequest {
            region_id,
            sender: OptionOutputTx::from(output_tx),
            request: crate::request::DdlRequest::EnterStaging(
                store_api::region_request::EnterStagingRequest {
                    partition_directive:
                        store_api::region_request::StagingPartitionDirective::RejectAllWrites,
                },
            ),
        });

        let pending_ddls = scheduler.on_compaction_cancelled(region_id).await;

        assert_eq!(pending_ddls.len(), 1);
        assert!(!scheduler.has_pending_ddls(region_id));
        assert!(!scheduler.region_status.contains_key(&region_id));
        assert_eq!(job_scheduler.num_jobs(), 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_on_compaction_cancelled_prioritizes_pending_ddls_over_pending_compaction() {
        let job_scheduler = Arc::new(VecScheduler::default());
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await.scheduler(job_scheduler.clone());
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
        let region_id = builder.region_id();
        let _manifest_ctx = env
            .mock_manifest_context(version_control.current().version.metadata.clone())
            .await;
        let (_schema_metadata_manager, _kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();

        scheduler.region_status.insert(
            region_id,
            CompactionStatus::new(region_id, version_control, env.access_layer.clone()),
        );
        let status = scheduler.region_status.get_mut(&region_id).unwrap();
        status.start_local_task();
        let (manual_tx, manual_rx) = oneshot::channel();
        status.set_pending_request(PendingCompaction {
            options: compact_request::Options::StrictWindow(StrictWindow { window_seconds: 60 }),
            waiter: OptionOutputTx::from(manual_tx),
            max_parallelism: 1,
        });

        let (output_tx, _output_rx) = oneshot::channel();
        scheduler.add_ddl_request_to_pending(SenderDdlRequest {
            region_id,
            sender: OptionOutputTx::from(output_tx),
            request: crate::request::DdlRequest::EnterStaging(
                store_api::region_request::EnterStagingRequest {
                    partition_directive:
                        store_api::region_request::StagingPartitionDirective::RejectAllWrites,
                },
            ),
        });

        let pending_ddls = scheduler.on_compaction_cancelled(region_id).await;

        assert_eq!(pending_ddls.len(), 1);
        assert!(!scheduler.region_status.contains_key(&region_id));
        assert_eq!(job_scheduler.num_jobs(), 0);
        assert_matches!(manual_rx.await.unwrap(), Err(_));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_pending_ddl_request_failed_on_compaction_failed() {
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await;
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
        let region_id = builder.region_id();

        scheduler.region_status.insert(
            region_id,
            CompactionStatus::new(region_id, version_control, env.access_layer.clone()),
        );

        let (output_tx, output_rx) = oneshot::channel();
        scheduler.add_ddl_request_to_pending(SenderDdlRequest {
            region_id,
            sender: OptionOutputTx::from(output_tx),
            request: crate::request::DdlRequest::EnterStaging(
                store_api::region_request::EnterStagingRequest {
                    partition_directive:
                        store_api::region_request::StagingPartitionDirective::RejectAllWrites,
                },
            ),
        });

        assert!(scheduler.has_pending_ddls(region_id));
        scheduler
            .on_compaction_failed(region_id, Arc::new(RegionClosedSnafu { region_id }.build()));

        assert!(!scheduler.has_pending_ddls(region_id));
        let result = output_rx.await.unwrap();
        assert_matches!(result, Err(_));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_pending_ddl_request_failed_on_region_closed() {
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await;
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
        let region_id = builder.region_id();

        scheduler.region_status.insert(
            region_id,
            CompactionStatus::new(region_id, version_control, env.access_layer.clone()),
        );

        let (output_tx, output_rx) = oneshot::channel();
        scheduler.add_ddl_request_to_pending(SenderDdlRequest {
            region_id,
            sender: OptionOutputTx::from(output_tx),
            request: crate::request::DdlRequest::EnterStaging(
                store_api::region_request::EnterStagingRequest {
                    partition_directive:
                        store_api::region_request::StagingPartitionDirective::RejectAllWrites,
                },
            ),
        });

        assert!(scheduler.has_pending_ddls(region_id));
        scheduler.on_region_closed(region_id);

        assert!(!scheduler.has_pending_ddls(region_id));
        let result = output_rx.await.unwrap();
        assert_matches!(result, Err(_));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_pending_ddl_request_failed_on_region_dropped() {
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await;
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
        let region_id = builder.region_id();

        scheduler.region_status.insert(
            region_id,
            CompactionStatus::new(region_id, version_control, env.access_layer.clone()),
        );

        let (output_tx, output_rx) = oneshot::channel();
        scheduler.add_ddl_request_to_pending(SenderDdlRequest {
            region_id,
            sender: OptionOutputTx::from(output_tx),
            request: crate::request::DdlRequest::EnterStaging(
                store_api::region_request::EnterStagingRequest {
                    partition_directive:
                        store_api::region_request::StagingPartitionDirective::RejectAllWrites,
                },
            ),
        });

        assert!(scheduler.has_pending_ddls(region_id));
        scheduler.on_region_dropped(region_id);

        assert!(!scheduler.has_pending_ddls(region_id));
        let result = output_rx.await.unwrap();
        assert_matches!(result, Err(_));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_pending_ddl_request_failed_on_region_truncated() {
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await;
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
        let region_id = builder.region_id();

        scheduler.region_status.insert(
            region_id,
            CompactionStatus::new(region_id, version_control, env.access_layer.clone()),
        );

        let (output_tx, output_rx) = oneshot::channel();
        scheduler.add_ddl_request_to_pending(SenderDdlRequest {
            region_id,
            sender: OptionOutputTx::from(output_tx),
            request: crate::request::DdlRequest::EnterStaging(
                store_api::region_request::EnterStagingRequest {
                    partition_directive:
                        store_api::region_request::StagingPartitionDirective::RejectAllWrites,
                },
            ),
        });

        assert!(scheduler.has_pending_ddls(region_id));
        scheduler.on_region_truncated(region_id);

        assert!(!scheduler.has_pending_ddls(region_id));
        let result = output_rx.await.unwrap();
        assert_matches!(result, Err(_));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_on_compaction_finished_returns_pending_ddl_requests() {
        let job_scheduler = Arc::new(VecScheduler::default());
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await.scheduler(job_scheduler.clone());
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
        let region_id = builder.region_id();
        let manifest_ctx = env
            .mock_manifest_context(version_control.current().version.metadata.clone())
            .await;
        let (schema_metadata_manager, _kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();

        scheduler.region_status.insert(
            region_id,
            CompactionStatus::new(region_id, version_control, env.access_layer.clone()),
        );
        scheduler
            .region_status
            .get_mut(&region_id)
            .unwrap()
            .start_local_task();

        let (output_tx, _output_rx) = oneshot::channel();
        scheduler.add_ddl_request_to_pending(SenderDdlRequest {
            region_id,
            sender: OptionOutputTx::from(output_tx),
            request: crate::request::DdlRequest::EnterStaging(
                store_api::region_request::EnterStagingRequest {
                    partition_directive:
                        store_api::region_request::StagingPartitionDirective::RejectAllWrites,
                },
            ),
        });

        let pending_ddls = scheduler
            .on_compaction_finished(region_id, &manifest_ctx, schema_metadata_manager)
            .await;

        assert_eq!(pending_ddls.len(), 1);
        assert!(!scheduler.has_pending_ddls(region_id));
        assert!(!scheduler.region_status.contains_key(&region_id));
        assert_eq!(job_scheduler.num_jobs(), 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_on_compaction_finished_replays_pending_ddl_after_manual_noop() {
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await;
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
        let region_id = builder.region_id();
        let manifest_ctx = env
            .mock_manifest_context(version_control.current().version.metadata.clone())
            .await;
        let (schema_metadata_manager, _kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();

        let (manual_tx, manual_rx) = oneshot::channel();
        let mut status =
            CompactionStatus::new(region_id, version_control.clone(), env.access_layer.clone());
        status.start_local_task();
        status.set_pending_request(PendingCompaction {
            options: compact_request::Options::Regular(Default::default()),
            waiter: OptionOutputTx::from(manual_tx),
            max_parallelism: 1,
        });
        scheduler.region_status.insert(region_id, status);

        let (ddl_tx, _ddl_rx) = oneshot::channel();
        scheduler.add_ddl_request_to_pending(SenderDdlRequest {
            region_id,
            sender: OptionOutputTx::from(ddl_tx),
            request: crate::request::DdlRequest::EnterStaging(
                store_api::region_request::EnterStagingRequest {
                    partition_directive:
                        store_api::region_request::StagingPartitionDirective::RejectAllWrites,
                },
            ),
        });

        let pending_ddls = scheduler
            .on_compaction_finished(region_id, &manifest_ctx, schema_metadata_manager)
            .await;

        assert_eq!(pending_ddls.len(), 1);
        assert!(!scheduler.region_status.contains_key(&region_id));
        assert_eq!(manual_rx.await.unwrap().unwrap(), 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_on_compaction_finished_returns_empty_when_region_absent() {
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await;
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let region_id = builder.region_id();
        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
        let manifest_ctx = env
            .mock_manifest_context(version_control.current().version.metadata.clone())
            .await;
        let (schema_metadata_manager, _kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();

        let pending_ddls = scheduler
            .on_compaction_finished(region_id, &manifest_ctx, schema_metadata_manager)
            .await;

        assert!(pending_ddls.is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_on_compaction_finished_manual_schedule_error_cleans_status() {
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new()
            .await
            .scheduler(Arc::new(FailingScheduler));
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let mut builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let end = 1000 * 1000;
        let version_control = Arc::new(
            builder
                .push_l0_file(0, end)
                .push_l0_file(10, end)
                .push_l0_file(50, end)
                .push_l0_file(80, end)
                .push_l0_file(90, end)
                .build(),
        );
        let region_id = builder.region_id();
        let manifest_ctx = env
            .mock_manifest_context(version_control.current().version.metadata.clone())
            .await;
        let (schema_metadata_manager, _kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();

        let (manual_tx, manual_rx) = oneshot::channel();
        let mut status =
            CompactionStatus::new(region_id, version_control.clone(), env.access_layer.clone());
        status.start_local_task();
        status.set_pending_request(PendingCompaction {
            options: compact_request::Options::Regular(Default::default()),
            waiter: OptionOutputTx::from(manual_tx),
            max_parallelism: 1,
        });
        scheduler.region_status.insert(region_id, status);

        let (ddl_tx, ddl_rx) = oneshot::channel();
        scheduler.add_ddl_request_to_pending(SenderDdlRequest {
            region_id,
            sender: OptionOutputTx::from(ddl_tx),
            request: crate::request::DdlRequest::EnterStaging(
                store_api::region_request::EnterStagingRequest {
                    partition_directive:
                        store_api::region_request::StagingPartitionDirective::RejectAllWrites,
                },
            ),
        });

        let pending_ddls = scheduler
            .on_compaction_finished(region_id, &manifest_ctx, schema_metadata_manager)
            .await;

        assert!(pending_ddls.is_empty());
        assert!(!scheduler.region_status.contains_key(&region_id));
        assert!(manual_rx.await.is_err());
        assert_matches!(ddl_rx.await.unwrap(), Err(_));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_on_compaction_finished_next_schedule_noop_removes_status() {
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new().await;
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let version_control = Arc::new(builder.build());
        let region_id = builder.region_id();
        let manifest_ctx = env
            .mock_manifest_context(version_control.current().version.metadata.clone())
            .await;
        let (schema_metadata_manager, _kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();

        scheduler.region_status.insert(
            region_id,
            CompactionStatus::new(region_id, version_control, env.access_layer.clone()),
        );
        scheduler
            .region_status
            .get_mut(&region_id)
            .unwrap()
            .start_local_task();

        let pending_ddls = scheduler
            .on_compaction_finished(region_id, &manifest_ctx, schema_metadata_manager)
            .await;

        assert!(pending_ddls.is_empty());
        assert!(scheduler.region_status.contains_key(&region_id));

        let (schema_metadata_manager, _kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();
        // With no compactable files, next scheduling returns false and removes
        // the status without creating a background task.
        let scheduled = scheduler
            .schedule_next_compaction(region_id, &manifest_ctx, schema_metadata_manager)
            .await;
        assert!(!scheduled);
        assert!(!scheduler.region_status.contains_key(&region_id));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_on_compaction_finished_next_schedule_error_cleans_status() {
        let env = SchedulerEnv::new()
            .await
            .scheduler(Arc::new(FailingScheduler));
        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel(4);
        let mut scheduler = env.mock_compaction_scheduler(tx);
        let mut builder = VersionControlBuilder::new();
        let end = 1000 * 1000;
        let version_control = Arc::new(
            builder
                .push_l0_file(0, end)
                .push_l0_file(10, end)
                .push_l0_file(50, end)
                .push_l0_file(80, end)
                .push_l0_file(90, end)
                .build(),
        );
        let region_id = builder.region_id();
        let manifest_ctx = env
            .mock_manifest_context(version_control.current().version.metadata.clone())
            .await;
        let (schema_metadata_manager, _kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();

        scheduler.region_status.insert(
            region_id,
            CompactionStatus::new(region_id, version_control, env.access_layer.clone()),
        );
        scheduler
            .region_status
            .get_mut(&region_id)
            .unwrap()
            .start_local_task();

        let pending_ddls = scheduler
            .on_compaction_finished(region_id, &manifest_ctx, schema_metadata_manager)
            .await;

        assert!(pending_ddls.is_empty());
        assert!(scheduler.region_status.contains_key(&region_id));

        let (schema_metadata_manager, _kv_backend) = mock_schema_metadata_manager();
        // The failing scheduler simulates a submit error; callers must see false.
        let scheduled = scheduler
            .schedule_next_compaction(region_id, &manifest_ctx, schema_metadata_manager)
            .await;
        assert!(!scheduled);
        assert!(!scheduler.region_status.contains_key(&region_id));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_concurrent_memory_competition() {
        let manager = Arc::new(new_compaction_memory_manager(3 * 1024 * 1024)); // 3MB
        let barrier = Arc::new(Barrier::new(3));
        let mut handles = vec![];

        // Spawn 3 tasks competing for memory, each trying to acquire 2MB
        for _i in 0..3 {
            let mgr = manager.clone();
            let bar = barrier.clone();
            let handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
                bar.wait().await; // Synchronize start
                mgr.try_acquire(2 * 1024 * 1024)
            });
            handles.push(handle);
        }

        let results: Vec<Option<CompactionMemoryGuard>> = futures::future::join_all(handles)
            .await
            .into_iter()
            .map(|r| r.unwrap())
            .collect();

        // Only 1 should succeed (3MB limit, 2MB request, can only fit one)
        let succeeded = results.iter().filter(|r| r.is_some()).count();
        let failed = results.iter().filter(|r| r.is_none()).count();

        assert_eq!(succeeded, 1, "Expected exactly 1 task to acquire memory");
        assert_eq!(failed, 2, "Expected 2 tasks to fail");

        // Clean up
        drop(results);
        assert_eq!(manager.used_bytes(), 0);
    }
}