pipeline/etl/transform/transformer/

greptime.rs

// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

pub mod coerce;

use std::borrow::Cow;
use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashSet};
use std::sync::Arc;

use ahash::{HashMap, HashMapExt};
use api::helper::proto_value_type;
use api::v1::column_data_type_extension::TypeExt;
use api::v1::value::ValueData;
use api::v1::{ColumnDataType, ColumnDataTypeExtension, JsonTypeExtension, SemanticType};
use coerce::{coerce_columns, coerce_value};
use common_query::prelude::{GREPTIME_TIMESTAMP, GREPTIME_VALUE};
use common_telemetry::warn;
use greptime_proto::v1::{ColumnSchema, Row, Rows, Value as GreptimeValue};
use itertools::Itertools;
use jsonb::Number;
use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
use session::context::Channel;
use snafu::OptionExt;
use vrl::prelude::VrlValueConvert;
use vrl::value::{KeyString, Value as VrlValue};

use crate::error::{
    IdentifyPipelineColumnTypeMismatchSnafu, InvalidTimestampSnafu, ReachedMaxNestedLevelsSnafu,
    Result, TimeIndexMustBeNonNullSnafu, TransformColumnNameMustBeUniqueSnafu,
    TransformMultipleTimestampIndexSnafu, TransformTimestampIndexCountSnafu, ValueMustBeMapSnafu,
};
use crate::etl::ctx_req::ContextOpt;
use crate::etl::field::{Field, Fields};
use crate::etl::transform::index::Index;
use crate::etl::transform::{Transform, Transforms};
use crate::etl::PipelineDocVersion;
use crate::{unwrap_or_continue_if_err, PipelineContext};

const DEFAULT_GREPTIME_TIMESTAMP_COLUMN: &str = "greptime_timestamp";
const DEFAULT_MAX_NESTED_LEVELS_FOR_JSON_FLATTENING: usize = 10;

/// fields not in the columns will be discarded
/// to prevent automatic column creation in GreptimeDB
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct GreptimeTransformer {
    transforms: Transforms,
    schema: Vec<ColumnSchema>,
}

fn truthy<V: AsRef<str>>(v: V) -> bool {
    let v = v.as_ref().to_lowercase();
    v == "true" || v == "1" || v == "yes" || v == "on" || v == "t"
}

/// Parameters that can be used to configure the greptime pipelines.
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct GreptimePipelineParams {
    /// The original options for configuring the greptime pipelines.
    /// This should not be used directly, instead, use the parsed shortcut option values.
    options: HashMap<String, String>,

    /// Parsed shortcut option values
    pub flatten_json_object: OnceCell<bool>,
    /// Whether to skip error when processing the pipeline.
    pub skip_error: OnceCell<bool>,
}

impl GreptimePipelineParams {
    /// Create a `GreptimePipelineParams` from params string which is from the http header with key `x-greptime-pipeline-params`
    /// The params is in the format of `key1=value1&key2=value2`,for example:
    /// x-greptime-pipeline-params: flatten_json_object=true
    pub fn from_params(params: Option<&str>) -> Self {
        let options = Self::parse_header_str_to_map(params);

        Self {
            options,
            skip_error: OnceCell::new(),
            flatten_json_object: OnceCell::new(),
        }
    }

    pub fn from_map(options: HashMap<String, String>) -> Self {
        Self {
            options,
            skip_error: OnceCell::new(),
            flatten_json_object: OnceCell::new(),
        }
    }

    pub fn parse_header_str_to_map(params: Option<&str>) -> HashMap<String, String> {
        if let Some(params) = params {
            if params.is_empty() {
                HashMap::new()
            } else {
                params
                    .split('&')
                    .filter_map(|s| s.split_once('='))
                    .map(|(k, v)| (k.to_string(), v.to_string()))
                    .collect::<HashMap<String, String>>()
            }
        } else {
            HashMap::new()
        }
    }

    /// Whether to flatten the JSON object.
    pub fn flatten_json_object(&self) -> bool {
        *self.flatten_json_object.get_or_init(|| {
            self.options
                .get("flatten_json_object")
                .map(|v| v == "true")
                .unwrap_or(false)
        })
    }

    /// Whether to skip error when processing the pipeline.
    pub fn skip_error(&self) -> bool {
        *self
            .skip_error
            .get_or_init(|| self.options.get("skip_error").map(truthy).unwrap_or(false))
    }
}

impl GreptimeTransformer {
    /// Add a default timestamp column to the transforms
    fn add_greptime_timestamp_column(transforms: &mut Transforms) {
        let type_ = ColumnDataType::TimestampNanosecond;
        let default = None;

        let transform = Transform {
            fields: Fields::one(Field::new(
                DEFAULT_GREPTIME_TIMESTAMP_COLUMN.to_string(),
                None,
            )),
            type_,
            default,
            index: Some(Index::Time),
            on_failure: Some(crate::etl::transform::OnFailure::Default),
            tag: false,
        };
        transforms.push(transform);
    }

    /// Generate the schema for the GreptimeTransformer
    fn init_schemas(transforms: &Transforms) -> Result<Vec<ColumnSchema>> {
        let mut schema = vec![];
        for transform in transforms.iter() {
            schema.extend(coerce_columns(transform)?);
        }
        Ok(schema)
    }
}

impl GreptimeTransformer {
    pub fn new(mut transforms: Transforms, doc_version: &PipelineDocVersion) -> Result<Self> {
        // empty check is done in the caller
        let mut column_names_set = HashSet::new();
        let mut timestamp_columns = vec![];

        for transform in transforms.iter() {
            let target_fields_set = transform
                .fields
                .iter()
                .map(|f| f.target_or_input_field())
                .collect::<HashSet<_>>();

            let intersections: Vec<_> = column_names_set.intersection(&target_fields_set).collect();
            if !intersections.is_empty() {
                let duplicates = intersections.iter().join(",");
                return TransformColumnNameMustBeUniqueSnafu { duplicates }.fail();
            }

            column_names_set.extend(target_fields_set);

            if let Some(idx) = transform.index {
                if idx == Index::Time {
                    match transform.fields.len() {
                        //Safety unwrap is fine here because we have checked the length of real_fields
                        1 => {
                            timestamp_columns.push(transform.fields.first().unwrap().input_field())
                        }
                        _ => {
                            return TransformMultipleTimestampIndexSnafu {
                                columns: transform
                                    .fields
                                    .iter()
                                    .map(|x| x.input_field())
                                    .join(", "),
                            }
                            .fail();
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        let schema = match timestamp_columns.len() {
            0 if doc_version == &PipelineDocVersion::V1 => {
                // compatible with v1, add a default timestamp column
                GreptimeTransformer::add_greptime_timestamp_column(&mut transforms);
                GreptimeTransformer::init_schemas(&transforms)?
            }
            1 => GreptimeTransformer::init_schemas(&transforms)?,
            count => {
                let columns = timestamp_columns.iter().join(", ");
                return TransformTimestampIndexCountSnafu { count, columns }.fail();
            }
        };
        Ok(GreptimeTransformer { transforms, schema })
    }

    pub fn transform_mut(
        &self,
        pipeline_map: &mut VrlValue,
        is_v1: bool,
    ) -> Result<Vec<GreptimeValue>> {
        let mut values = vec![GreptimeValue { value_data: None }; self.schema.len()];
        let mut output_index = 0;
        for transform in self.transforms.iter() {
            for field in transform.fields.iter() {
                let column_name = field.input_field();

                let pipeline_map = pipeline_map.as_object_mut().context(ValueMustBeMapSnafu)?;
                // let keep us `get` here to be compatible with v1
                match pipeline_map.get(column_name) {
                    Some(v) => {
                        let value_data = coerce_value(v, transform)?;
                        // every transform fields has only one output field
                        values[output_index] = GreptimeValue { value_data };
                    }
                    None => {
                        let value_data = match transform.on_failure {
                            Some(crate::etl::transform::OnFailure::Default) => {
                                match transform.get_default() {
                                    Some(default) => Some(default.clone()),
                                    None => transform.get_default_value_when_data_is_none(),
                                }
                            }
                            Some(crate::etl::transform::OnFailure::Ignore) => None,
                            None => None,
                        };
                        if transform.is_timeindex() && value_data.is_none() {
                            return TimeIndexMustBeNonNullSnafu.fail();
                        }
                        values[output_index] = GreptimeValue { value_data };
                    }
                }
                output_index += 1;
                if !is_v1 {
                    // remove the column from the pipeline_map
                    // so that the auto-transform can use the rest fields
                    pipeline_map.remove(column_name);
                }
            }
        }
        Ok(values)
    }

    pub fn transforms(&self) -> &Transforms {
        &self.transforms
    }

    pub fn schemas(&self) -> &Vec<greptime_proto::v1::ColumnSchema> {
        &self.schema
    }

    pub fn transforms_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Transforms {
        &mut self.transforms
    }
}

/// This is used to record the current state schema information and a sequential cache of field names.
/// As you traverse the user input JSON, this will change.
/// It will record a superset of all user input schemas.
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct SchemaInfo {
    /// schema info
    pub schema: Vec<ColumnSchema>,
    /// index of the column name
    pub index: HashMap<String, usize>,
}

impl SchemaInfo {
    pub fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            schema: Vec::with_capacity(capacity),
            index: HashMap::with_capacity(capacity),
        }
    }

    pub fn from_schema_list(schema_list: Vec<ColumnSchema>) -> Self {
        let mut index = HashMap::new();
        for (i, schema) in schema_list.iter().enumerate() {
            index.insert(schema.column_name.clone(), i);
        }
        Self {
            schema: schema_list,
            index,
        }
    }
}

fn resolve_schema(
    index: Option<usize>,
    value_data: ValueData,
    column_schema: ColumnSchema,
    row: &mut Vec<GreptimeValue>,
    schema_info: &mut SchemaInfo,
) -> Result<()> {
    if let Some(index) = index {
        let api_value = GreptimeValue {
            value_data: Some(value_data),
        };
        // Safety unwrap is fine here because api_value is always valid
        let value_column_data_type = proto_value_type(&api_value).unwrap();
        // Safety unwrap is fine here because index is always valid
        let schema_column_data_type = schema_info.schema.get(index).unwrap().datatype();
        if value_column_data_type != schema_column_data_type {
            IdentifyPipelineColumnTypeMismatchSnafu {
                column: column_schema.column_name,
                expected: schema_column_data_type.as_str_name(),
                actual: value_column_data_type.as_str_name(),
            }
            .fail()
        } else {
            row[index] = api_value;
            Ok(())
        }
    } else {
        let key = column_schema.column_name.clone();
        schema_info.schema.push(column_schema);
        schema_info.index.insert(key, schema_info.schema.len() - 1);
        let api_value = GreptimeValue {
            value_data: Some(value_data),
        };
        row.push(api_value);
        Ok(())
    }
}

fn calc_ts(p_ctx: &PipelineContext, values: &VrlValue) -> Result<Option<ValueData>> {
    match p_ctx.channel {
        Channel::Prometheus => {
            let ts = values
                .as_object()
                .and_then(|m| m.get(GREPTIME_TIMESTAMP))
                .and_then(|ts| ts.try_into_i64().ok())
                .unwrap_or_default();
            Ok(Some(ValueData::TimestampMillisecondValue(ts)))
        }
        _ => {
            let custom_ts = p_ctx.pipeline_definition.get_custom_ts();
            match custom_ts {
                Some(ts) => {
                    let ts_field = values.as_object().and_then(|m| m.get(ts.get_column_name()));
                    Some(ts.get_timestamp_value(ts_field)).transpose()
                }
                None => Ok(Some(ValueData::TimestampNanosecondValue(
                    chrono::Utc::now().timestamp_nanos_opt().unwrap_or_default(),
                ))),
            }
        }
    }
}

pub(crate) fn values_to_row(
    schema_info: &mut SchemaInfo,
    values: VrlValue,
    pipeline_ctx: &PipelineContext<'_>,
    row: Option<Vec<GreptimeValue>>,
    need_calc_ts: bool,
) -> Result<Row> {
    let mut row: Vec<GreptimeValue> =
        row.unwrap_or_else(|| Vec::with_capacity(schema_info.schema.len()));
    let custom_ts = pipeline_ctx.pipeline_definition.get_custom_ts();

    if need_calc_ts {
        // calculate timestamp value based on the channel
        let ts = calc_ts(pipeline_ctx, &values)?;
        row.push(GreptimeValue { value_data: ts });
    }

    row.resize(schema_info.schema.len(), GreptimeValue { value_data: None });

    // skip ts column
    let ts_column_name = custom_ts
        .as_ref()
        .map_or(DEFAULT_GREPTIME_TIMESTAMP_COLUMN, |ts| ts.get_column_name());

    let values = values.into_object().context(ValueMustBeMapSnafu)?;

    for (column_name, value) in values {
        if column_name.as_str() == ts_column_name {
            continue;
        }

        resolve_value(
            value,
            column_name.into(),
            &mut row,
            schema_info,
            pipeline_ctx,
        )?;
    }
    Ok(Row { values: row })
}

fn decide_semantic(p_ctx: &PipelineContext, column_name: &str) -> i32 {
    if p_ctx.channel == Channel::Prometheus && column_name != GREPTIME_VALUE {
        SemanticType::Tag as i32
    } else {
        SemanticType::Field as i32
    }
}

fn resolve_value(
    value: VrlValue,
    column_name: String,
    row: &mut Vec<GreptimeValue>,
    schema_info: &mut SchemaInfo,
    p_ctx: &PipelineContext,
) -> Result<()> {
    let index = schema_info.index.get(&column_name).copied();
    let mut resolve_simple_type =
        |value_data: ValueData, column_name: String, data_type: ColumnDataType| {
            let semantic_type = decide_semantic(p_ctx, &column_name);
            resolve_schema(
                index,
                value_data,
                ColumnSchema {
                    column_name,
                    datatype: data_type as i32,
                    semantic_type,
                    datatype_extension: None,
                    options: None,
                },
                row,
                schema_info,
            )
        };

    match value {
        VrlValue::Null => {}

        VrlValue::Integer(v) => {
            // safe unwrap after type matched
            resolve_simple_type(ValueData::I64Value(v), column_name, ColumnDataType::Int64)?;
        }

        VrlValue::Float(v) => {
            // safe unwrap after type matched
            resolve_simple_type(
                ValueData::F64Value(v.into()),
                column_name,
                ColumnDataType::Float64,
            )?;
        }

        VrlValue::Boolean(v) => {
            resolve_simple_type(
                ValueData::BoolValue(v),
                column_name,
                ColumnDataType::Boolean,
            )?;
        }

        VrlValue::Bytes(v) => {
            resolve_simple_type(
                ValueData::StringValue(String::from_utf8_lossy_owned(v.to_vec())),
                column_name,
                ColumnDataType::String,
            )?;
        }

        VrlValue::Regex(v) => {
            warn!(
                "Persisting regex value in the table, this should not happen, column_name: {}",
                column_name
            );
            resolve_simple_type(
                ValueData::StringValue(v.to_string()),
                column_name,
                ColumnDataType::String,
            )?;
        }

        VrlValue::Timestamp(ts) => {
            let ns = ts.timestamp_nanos_opt().context(InvalidTimestampSnafu {
                input: ts.to_rfc3339(),
            })?;
            resolve_simple_type(
                ValueData::TimestampNanosecondValue(ns),
                column_name,
                ColumnDataType::TimestampNanosecond,
            )?;
        }

        VrlValue::Array(_) | VrlValue::Object(_) => {
            let data = vrl_value_to_jsonb_value(&value);
            resolve_schema(
                index,
                ValueData::BinaryValue(data.to_vec()),
                ColumnSchema {
                    column_name,
                    datatype: ColumnDataType::Binary as i32,
                    semantic_type: SemanticType::Field as i32,
                    datatype_extension: Some(ColumnDataTypeExtension {
                        type_ext: Some(TypeExt::JsonType(JsonTypeExtension::JsonBinary.into())),
                    }),
                    options: None,
                },
                row,
                schema_info,
            )?;
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn vrl_value_to_jsonb_value<'a>(value: &'a VrlValue) -> jsonb::Value<'a> {
    match value {
        VrlValue::Bytes(bytes) => jsonb::Value::String(String::from_utf8_lossy(bytes)),
        VrlValue::Regex(value_regex) => jsonb::Value::String(Cow::Borrowed(value_regex.as_str())),
        VrlValue::Integer(i) => jsonb::Value::Number(Number::Int64(*i)),
        VrlValue::Float(not_nan) => jsonb::Value::Number(Number::Float64(not_nan.into_inner())),
        VrlValue::Boolean(b) => jsonb::Value::Bool(*b),
        VrlValue::Timestamp(date_time) => jsonb::Value::String(Cow::Owned(date_time.to_rfc3339())),
        VrlValue::Object(btree_map) => jsonb::Value::Object(
            btree_map
                .iter()
                .map(|(key, value)| (key.to_string(), vrl_value_to_jsonb_value(value)))
                .collect(),
        ),
        VrlValue::Array(values) => jsonb::Value::Array(
            values
                .iter()
                .map(|value| vrl_value_to_jsonb_value(value))
                .collect(),
        ),
        VrlValue::Null => jsonb::Value::Null,
    }
}

fn identity_pipeline_inner(
    pipeline_maps: Vec<VrlValue>,
    pipeline_ctx: &PipelineContext<'_>,
) -> Result<(SchemaInfo, HashMap<ContextOpt, Vec<Row>>)> {
    let skip_error = pipeline_ctx.pipeline_param.skip_error();
    let mut schema_info = SchemaInfo::default();
    let custom_ts = pipeline_ctx.pipeline_definition.get_custom_ts();

    // set time index column schema first
    schema_info.schema.push(ColumnSchema {
        column_name: custom_ts
            .map(|ts| ts.get_column_name().to_string())
            .unwrap_or_else(|| DEFAULT_GREPTIME_TIMESTAMP_COLUMN.to_string()),
        datatype: custom_ts.map(|c| c.get_datatype()).unwrap_or_else(|| {
            if pipeline_ctx.channel == Channel::Prometheus {
                ColumnDataType::TimestampMillisecond
            } else {
                ColumnDataType::TimestampNanosecond
            }
        }) as i32,
        semantic_type: SemanticType::Timestamp as i32,
        datatype_extension: None,
        options: None,
    });

    let mut opt_map = HashMap::new();
    let len = pipeline_maps.len();

    for mut pipeline_map in pipeline_maps {
        let opt = unwrap_or_continue_if_err!(
            ContextOpt::from_pipeline_map_to_opt(&mut pipeline_map),
            skip_error
        );
        let row = unwrap_or_continue_if_err!(
            values_to_row(&mut schema_info, pipeline_map, pipeline_ctx, None, true),
            skip_error
        );

        opt_map
            .entry(opt)
            .or_insert_with(|| Vec::with_capacity(len))
            .push(row);
    }

    let column_count = schema_info.schema.len();
    for (_, row) in opt_map.iter_mut() {
        for row in row.iter_mut() {
            let diff = column_count - row.values.len();
            for _ in 0..diff {
                row.values.push(GreptimeValue { value_data: None });
            }
        }
    }

    Ok((schema_info, opt_map))
}

/// Identity pipeline for Greptime
/// This pipeline will convert the input JSON array to Greptime Rows
/// params table is used to set the semantic type of the row key column to Tag
/// 1. The pipeline will add a default timestamp column to the schema
/// 2. The pipeline not resolve NULL value
/// 3. The pipeline assumes that the json format is fixed
/// 4. The pipeline will return an error if the same column datatype is mismatched
/// 5. The pipeline will analyze the schema of each json record and merge them to get the final schema.
pub fn identity_pipeline(
    array: Vec<VrlValue>,
    table: Option<Arc<table::Table>>,
    pipeline_ctx: &PipelineContext<'_>,
) -> Result<HashMap<ContextOpt, Rows>> {
    let skip_error = pipeline_ctx.pipeline_param.skip_error();
    let input = if pipeline_ctx.pipeline_param.flatten_json_object() {
        let mut results = Vec::with_capacity(array.len());
        for item in array.into_iter() {
            let result = unwrap_or_continue_if_err!(
                flatten_object(item, DEFAULT_MAX_NESTED_LEVELS_FOR_JSON_FLATTENING),
                skip_error
            );
            results.push(result);
        }
        results
    } else {
        array
    };

    identity_pipeline_inner(input, pipeline_ctx).map(|(mut schema, opt_map)| {
        if let Some(table) = table {
            let table_info = table.table_info();
            for tag_name in table_info.meta.row_key_column_names() {
                if let Some(index) = schema.index.get(tag_name) {
                    schema.schema[*index].semantic_type = SemanticType::Tag as i32;
                }
            }
        }

        opt_map
            .into_iter()
            .map(|(opt, rows)| {
                (
                    opt,
                    Rows {
                        schema: schema.schema.clone(),
                        rows,
                    },
                )
            })
            .collect::<HashMap<ContextOpt, Rows>>()
    })
}

/// Consumes the JSON object and consumes it into a single-level object.
///
/// The `max_nested_levels` parameter is used to limit the nested levels of the JSON object.
/// The error will be returned if the nested levels is greater than the `max_nested_levels`.
pub fn flatten_object(object: VrlValue, max_nested_levels: usize) -> Result<VrlValue> {
    let mut flattened = BTreeMap::new();
    let object = object.into_object().context(ValueMustBeMapSnafu)?;

    if !object.is_empty() {
        // it will use recursion to flatten the object.
        do_flatten_object(&mut flattened, None, object, 1, max_nested_levels)?;
    }

    Ok(VrlValue::Object(flattened))
}

fn do_flatten_object(
    dest: &mut BTreeMap<KeyString, VrlValue>,
    base: Option<&str>,
    object: BTreeMap<KeyString, VrlValue>,
    current_level: usize,
    max_nested_levels: usize,
) -> Result<()> {
    // For safety, we do not allow the depth to be greater than the max_object_depth.
    if current_level > max_nested_levels {
        return ReachedMaxNestedLevelsSnafu { max_nested_levels }.fail();
    }

    for (key, value) in object {
        let new_key = base.map_or_else(
            || key.clone(),
            |base_key| format!("{base_key}.{key}").into(),
        );

        match value {
            VrlValue::Object(object) => {
                do_flatten_object(
                    dest,
                    Some(&new_key),
                    object,
                    current_level + 1,
                    max_nested_levels,
                )?;
            }
            // For other types, we will directly insert them into as JSON type.
            _ => {
                dest.insert(new_key, value);
            }
        }
    }

    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use api::v1::SemanticType;

    use super::*;
    use crate::{identity_pipeline, PipelineDefinition};

    #[test]
    fn test_identify_pipeline() {
        let params = GreptimePipelineParams::default();
        let pipeline_ctx = PipelineContext::new(
            &PipelineDefinition::GreptimeIdentityPipeline(None),
            &params,
            Channel::Unknown,
        );
        {
            let array = [
                serde_json::json!({
                    "woshinull": null,
                    "name": "Alice",
                    "age": 20,
                    "is_student": true,
                    "score": 99.5,
                    "hobbies": "reading",
                    "address": "Beijing",
                }),
                serde_json::json!({
                    "name": "Bob",
                    "age": 21,
                    "is_student": false,
                    "score": "88.5",
                    "hobbies": "swimming",
                    "address": "Shanghai",
                    "gaga": "gaga"
                }),
            ];
            let array = array.iter().map(|v| v.into()).collect();
            let rows = identity_pipeline(array, None, &pipeline_ctx);
            assert!(rows.is_err());
            assert_eq!(
                rows.err().unwrap().to_string(),
                "Column datatype mismatch. For column: score, expected datatype: FLOAT64, actual datatype: STRING".to_string(),
            );
        }
        {
            let array = [
                serde_json::json!({
                    "woshinull": null,
                    "name": "Alice",
                    "age": 20,
                    "is_student": true,
                    "score": 99.5,
                    "hobbies": "reading",
                    "address": "Beijing",
                }),
                serde_json::json!({
                    "name": "Bob",
                    "age": 21,
                    "is_student": false,
                    "score": 88,
                    "hobbies": "swimming",
                    "address": "Shanghai",
                    "gaga": "gaga"
                }),
            ];
            let array = array.iter().map(|v| v.into()).collect();
            let rows = identity_pipeline(array, None, &pipeline_ctx);
            assert!(rows.is_err());
            assert_eq!(
                rows.err().unwrap().to_string(),
                "Column datatype mismatch. For column: score, expected datatype: FLOAT64, actual datatype: INT64".to_string(),
            );
        }
        {
            let array = [
                serde_json::json!({
                    "woshinull": null,
                    "name": "Alice",
                    "age": 20,
                    "is_student": true,
                    "score": 99.5,
                    "hobbies": "reading",
                    "address": "Beijing",
                }),
                serde_json::json!({
                    "name": "Bob",
                    "age": 21,
                    "is_student": false,
                    "score": 88.5,
                    "hobbies": "swimming",
                    "address": "Shanghai",
                    "gaga": "gaga"
                }),
            ];
            let array = array.iter().map(|v| v.into()).collect();
            let rows = identity_pipeline(array, None, &pipeline_ctx);
            assert!(rows.is_ok());
            let mut rows = rows.unwrap();
            assert!(rows.len() == 1);
            let rows = rows.remove(&ContextOpt::default()).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(rows.schema.len(), 8);
            assert_eq!(rows.rows.len(), 2);
            assert_eq!(8, rows.rows[0].values.len());
            assert_eq!(8, rows.rows[1].values.len());
        }
        {
            let array = [
                serde_json::json!({
                    "woshinull": null,
                    "name": "Alice",
                    "age": 20,
                    "is_student": true,
                    "score": 99.5,
                    "hobbies": "reading",
                    "address": "Beijing",
                }),
                serde_json::json!({
                    "name": "Bob",
                    "age": 21,
                    "is_student": false,
                    "score": 88.5,
                    "hobbies": "swimming",
                    "address": "Shanghai",
                    "gaga": "gaga"
                }),
            ];
            let tag_column_names = ["name".to_string(), "address".to_string()];

            let rows =
                identity_pipeline_inner(array.iter().map(|v| v.into()).collect(), &pipeline_ctx)
                    .map(|(mut schema, mut rows)| {
                        for name in tag_column_names {
                            if let Some(index) = schema.index.get(&name) {
                                schema.schema[*index].semantic_type = SemanticType::Tag as i32;
                            }
                        }

                        assert!(rows.len() == 1);
                        let rows = rows.remove(&ContextOpt::default()).unwrap();

                        Rows {
                            schema: schema.schema,
                            rows,
                        }
                    });

            assert!(rows.is_ok());
            let rows = rows.unwrap();
            assert_eq!(rows.schema.len(), 8);
            assert_eq!(rows.rows.len(), 2);
            assert_eq!(8, rows.rows[0].values.len());
            assert_eq!(8, rows.rows[1].values.len());
            assert_eq!(
                rows.schema
                    .iter()
                    .find(|x| x.column_name == "name")
                    .unwrap()
                    .semantic_type,
                SemanticType::Tag as i32
            );
            assert_eq!(
                rows.schema
                    .iter()
                    .find(|x| x.column_name == "address")
                    .unwrap()
                    .semantic_type,
                SemanticType::Tag as i32
            );
            assert_eq!(
                rows.schema
                    .iter()
                    .filter(|x| x.semantic_type == SemanticType::Tag as i32)
                    .count(),
                2
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_flatten() {
        let test_cases = vec![
            // Basic case.
            (
                serde_json::json!(
                    {
                        "a": {
                            "b": {
                                "c": [1, 2, 3]
                            }
                        },
                        "d": [
                            "foo",
                            "bar"
                        ],
                        "e": {
                            "f": [7, 8, 9],
                            "g": {
                                "h": 123,
                                "i": "hello",
                                "j": {
                                    "k": true
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                ),
                10,
                Some(serde_json::json!(
                    {
                        "a.b.c": [1,2,3],
                        "d": ["foo","bar"],
                        "e.f": [7,8,9],
                        "e.g.h": 123,
                        "e.g.i": "hello",
                        "e.g.j.k": true
                    }
                )),
            ),
            // Test the case where the object has more than 3 nested levels.
            (
                serde_json::json!(
                    {
                        "a": {
                            "b": {
                                "c": {
                                    "d": [1, 2, 3]
                                }
                            }
                        },
                        "e": [
                            "foo",
                            "bar"
                        ]
                    }
                ),
                3,
                None,
            ),
        ];

        for (input, max_depth, expected) in test_cases {
            let input = input.into();
            let expected = expected.map(|e| e.into());

            let flattened_object = flatten_object(input, max_depth).ok();
            assert_eq!(flattened_object, expected);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_greptime_pipeline_params() {
        let params = Some("flatten_json_object=true");
        let pipeline_params = GreptimePipelineParams::from_params(params);
        assert!(pipeline_params.flatten_json_object());

        let params = None;
        let pipeline_params = GreptimePipelineParams::from_params(params);
        assert!(!pipeline_params.flatten_json_object());
    }
}